Suicide: Gravity and Responsibility
SUICIDE: GRAVITY AND RESPONSIBILITY
Father William Saunders
What is the Church's teaching regarding suicide? I always thought suicide was a mortal sin, so how is it that a person can be buried in the Church?—A reader in Fairfax
Before addressing the act of suicide, we must first remember that God is the giver of all life. Each of us has been made in God's image and likeness (Gn 1:27) with both a body and a soul. Therefore, life is sacred from the moment of conception and natural death, and no one can justify the intentional taking of an innocent life.
For Christians, this teaching takes on an even greater depth because our Lord entered this world and our own human condition. Our Lord knew the joy and pain, success and failure, pleasure and suffering, happiness and sorrow that comes in this life; yet He also showed us how to live this life in the love of God and trusting in His will. Moreover, Jesus suffered, died and rose to free us from sin and give us the promise of everlasting life. Through our baptism, we share a new life in the Lord. St. Paul reminds us, "You have been purchased, and at a price. So glorify God in your body" (1 Cor 6:20).
Therefore, we must be mindful that the preservation of our life—body and soul—is not something discretionary but obligatory. We must preserve and nourish both our physical and spiritual life. The <Catechism> asserts, "Everyone is responsible for his life before God who has given it to him. It is God who remains the sovereign Master of Life. We are obliged to accept life gratefully and preserve it for His honor and the salvation of our souls. We are stewards, not owners, of the life God has entrusted to us. It is not ours to dispose of" (#2280).
With this foundation in mind, we can see why suicide has traditionally be considered a gravely wrong moral action, i.e. a moral sin. Our Holy Father affirmed this position in his recent encyclical "Evangelium Vitae" (#66). (Please note that suicide is distinguished from the sacrifice of one's life for God or another, as in the cases of martyrdom, or of offering one's life or risking it to save another person.)
The intentional taking of one's own life is wrong for several reasons: First, in the most basic sense, each human being naturally seeks to preserve life. To take our own life defies our natural instinct to live.
Second, suicide violates a genuine love for oneself and one's neighbor—family, friends, neighbors and even acquaintances. Other people need us and depend on us in ways we may not even know. When I as a priest have had to comfort the family of a suicide victim, I hope that the person somehow realizes how much he really was loved and needed. I also feel sad that this poor, troubled person faced something so seemingly unbearable, insurmountable or agonizing that he chose to withdraw from the love of God and others and kill himself.
Finally, suicide defies the love we owe God. Sure, we all face tough times, hardships and sufferings. However, we are called to place ourselves in the hands of God, who will never abandon us, but see us safely through this life. The words of the "Our Father"—"thy will be done"—must be real for us. To commit suicide is to reject His "lordship" in our life.
Therefore, objectively, suicide is a mortal sin. (Moreover, to help someone commit suicide is also a mortal sin.) Here, though, we must remember that for a sin to be mortal and cost someone salvation, the objective of the action (in this case, the taking of one's own life) must be grave or serious matter; the person must have an informed intellect (know that this is wrong); and the person must give full consent of the will (intend to commit this action).
In the case of suicide, I wonder whether a person always has full consent of the will. Fear, force, ignorance, habit, passion and psychological problems can impede the exercise of the will so that a person may not be fully responsible or even responsible at all for an action. Here again the <Catechism> states, "Grave psychological disturbances, anguish, or grave fear of hardship, suffering, or torture can diminish the responsibility of the one committing suicide" (#2282). This qualification does not make suicide a right action in any circumstance; however, it does make us realize that the person may not be totally culpable for the action because of various circumstances or personal conditions.
Only God can read the depths of our soul. Only He knows how much we love Him and how responsible we are for our actions. We leave the judgment then to Him alone. The <Catechism> offers words of great hope: "We should not despair of the eternal salvation of persons who have taken their own lives. By ways known to Him alone, God can provide the opportunity for salutary repentance. The Church prays for persons who have taken their own lives" (#2283).
Therefore, we do offer the Mass for the repose of the soul of a suicide victim, invoking God's tender love and mercy, and His healing grace for the grieving loved ones.
Fr. Saunders is president of Notre Dame Institute and pastor of Queen of Apostles Parish, both in Alexandria.
This article appeared in the July 6, 1995 issue of "The Arlington Catholic Herald." Courtesy of the "Arlington Catholic Herald" diocesan newspaper of the Arlington (VA) diocese. For subscription information, call 1-800-377-0511 or write 200 North Glebe Road, Suite 607 Arlington, VA 22203.
