APPENDIX
WHETHER AVERSION FROM THE SUPERNATURAL END
CANNOT EXIST WITHOUT AVERSION FROM
THE NATURAL END
In
classical Thomism as understood by Capreolus, Cajetan, Ferrariensis,
Bañez, Alvarez, Lemos, John of St. Thomas, Gonet, Godoy, the
Salmanticenses, Billuart, Gotti, Del Prado, and others, it is
generally admitted that fallen man cannot be directly averted from
his final supernatural end without at the same time being at least
indirectly averted from God, his final natural end and the author of
nature. Why? Because even the natural law prescribes that God is to
be obeyed whatever He commands whether in the natural or in a higher
order. From this principle Thomists generally deduce the following
conclusions which are rejected by many only because of insufficient
grasp of the foregoing principle.
1.
Fallen man cannot by his natural powers alone, without restorative
grace, love God the author of nature above all things with an
effectively efficacious love. This is the express opinion of St.
Thomas, Ia IIae, q. 109, a. 3, where he says that, in contrast to
the state of incorrupt nature, “man in the state of fallen nature
requires for this the help of grace which heals nature,” since, “on
account of the corruption of nature, the rational appetite of the
will seeks an individual good unless it is healed by grace.” A
weakened power cannot exercise toward God the very efficient act of
a healthy power unless it is healed. With still greater reason,
fallen man cannot observe the whole of the natural law without
healing grace. (Cf. Ia IIae, q. 109, 2. 4.)
2. In
the state of fallen nature not yet restored, man has less strength
to perform a moral good than he would have had in the state of pure
nature. Why? Because now man is born with original sin, that is,
directly averted from his supernatural end and indirectly averted
from his final natural end; whereas, on the contrary, in the state
of pure nature he would not have been born directly turned away from
his final natural end, but capable of either conversion or aversion
in regard to it. St. Thomas affirms this explicitly enough in
treating of the “wounds inflicted upon the whole of human nature by
the sin of our first parents,” especially the wound of malice in the
will whereby the natural inclination to virtue is diminished. (Cf.
Ia IIae, q.85, a.3; q.82, a. I ad I.)
3. As
the Angelic Doctor asserts, Ia IIae, q. 89, a. 6, with regard to an
unbaptized child: “When he begins to have the use of reason . . .
the first thing that occurs to a man as subject for thought is to
deliberate about himself. And if he directs himself to the proper
end, he obtains through grace the remission of original sin. Again,
ad 3: “For the first thing that occurs to a man who attains to
discretion is to consider himself as that toward which he should
order other things as to an end. For the end is first in intention.
And therefore this is the time when he becomes obligated by the
positive command of God, who says: ‘Turn ye to Me . . . and I will
turn to you’ (Zach. 1:3).” In the De veritate, q. 24, a. 12
ad I, St. Thomas also writes: “As soon as an adult receives the use
of free will, if he prepares himself for grace he will have grace”;
that is, if he does what in him lies with the help of actual grace,
God does not refuse habitual grace nor, accordingly, faith and
charity; and He therefore manifests the revealed truths which are
entirely necessary for salvation, at least that God is and is a
rewarder. This is an admirable form of baptism of desire, without
miracle but with the very special help of God and the guardian
angle. Then the child should efficaciously love God the author of
nature above all things, and this cannot be done without healing
grace. But if he does what he can under actual grace, according to
St. Thomas, he is justified. Many theologians, however, deny this
last conclusion of St. Thomas and Thomists regarding
the justification of an unbaptized child. Yet it is not easy to
reject it or destroy the principles upon which this conclusion is
based. (Cf. above, pp. 197ff.)
4. The fourth consequence of the principle
enunciated above is that in the limbo of children the souls of
infants who died before receiving baptism, although they do not
strictly suffer from the loss of supernatural happiness, yet do not
have absolute, perfect natural happiness since they remain
indirectly averted from their final natural end on account of
unforgiven original sin. But they have “a certain natural
beatitude”; cf. De malo, q. 5, a. 3; and they are exempt from any
pain of the senses which is inflicted in punishment for a personal
conversion to a transitory good; cf. De malo, q. 5, a. 2.
In the supplement to the Summa, q. 89,
a. 5 ad 3, we read: “Even children who die before attaining maturity
will appear at the last general judgment, not to be judged but to
witness the glory of the Judge.” Cf. Hugon, De novissimis,
1927, p. 813. There are other consequences
of the foregoing priniples.
Is it certain
that this basic principle is found in the works of St. Thomas?
Beyond any doubt, if the texts cited are carefully studied,
especially Ia IIae, q. 109, a. 3: “In the state of fallen nature man
requires the help of grace healing nature in order that he may love
God naturally [as author of nature] above all things.” And again,
IIa IIae, q. 10, a. I ad I: “It is not proper to human nature to
have infused faith. But it is proper to human nature for the mind of
man not to reject the interior instinct and exterior preaching of
truth. Hence unbelief is accordingly contrary to nature.” All sin
which is directly opposed to the supernatural end is at least
indirectly against God as natural end and author of nature, since
the natural law already prescribes that God is to be obeyed whatever
He commands, whether in the natural order or in a higher order.
The conclusion is therefore contrary to
naturalism and laicism: He who withdraws from his supernatural end
most assuredly cannot perfectly attain to his natural end. In the
present economy of salvation there is a necessary connection between
the two orders. As a matter of fact, every man is either in the
state of grace or in the state of sin, and if he is in sin, he is
directly averted from his final supernatural end and indirectly from
his final natural end. St. Thomas comments on Matt. 12:30: “God is
the natural end toward which all things tend; therefore he who is
not with God must be separated from Him.” Naturalism is, after all,
contrary to nature, since it is against God toward whom all nature
tends.
Hence Christ declared: “He that is not with Me,
is against Me: and he that gathereth not with Me, scattereth” (Matt.
12:30). But on the other hand He assured the apostles: “He that is
not against you, is for you” (Mark 9:39). Accordingly, those who are
already sincerely seeking God do so by the help of grace, as if God
were to say to them:
“You would not be seeking me sincerely if in
some measure you had not already found Me.” “Not that we are
sufficient to think anything [salutary] of ourselves, as of
ourselves: but our sufficiency is from God” (II Cor. 3:5).
Abraham’s obedience, 299
Absolute certainty; see Certainty, absolute
Absolute supernatural, 7
Absolute will of God; see Consequent will
Absolution, faith required for, 335
Accident essentially related to substance, 122
Act specified by object, 464-80: differentiating
acquired and infused virtues, 469-71, 475; Cajetan on, 473
Action, philosophy of, 301
Actual grace
divisions of, 150
a motion, 117
necessary to just man, 97-99
not formal participation in divine nature, 142
operative and cooperative, 163-77
twofold, 175
twofold motion for operative, 175
Adam
before the fall: justification a simple
generation in, 326; not Christian grace in, 148; sanctifying grace
in, 140; sufficient and efficacious grace in, 194 and note
Adoption of sonship
appropriate to the three persons, 404 different
from human adoption, 135, 137
established by grace, 114, 116, 129
formally procured by grace, 142 gratuitous, 136 and note
Nominalist theory of, 137, 331, note
participated likeness, 134, 405
predestinate in sin and, 143
qualities of child for, 500-503
reprobate and, 143
Scriptural texts on, 135
secondary formal effect of grace, 137
spirit of, 497-503
and supernatural revelation, 486
Aeterni Patris (encyclical), 295
Agnes, St., 282
Ailly, Nominalist disciple of, 125
Albeda, Gonzalaz de; see Gonzalez de Albeda
Albert, St.: on the Mass, 111
Almsgiving, 388
Alphonsus Ligori, St., 182
difficulty about hope, 233
difficulty of Thomism, 232
divine decrees, 235
opinion of, 205, 232-36
reply to objections of, 232
scientia media rejected by, 204 note, 235
Alvarez
aversion from
supernatural and natural ends, 504
justification of pagan
child, 243 note
operative
grace, 177
procession of acts in
justification, 357
quoted by St. Alphonsus, 232
sufficient and
efficacious grace, 220, 432 note
supernaturalness of faith, 482, 484
Analogous concepts, 123, 369, 403
Andronicus, grace of martyrdom, 282
Angelo, O.P.: thesis on justification of pagan child, 341
Angels
baptism of desire and
guardian, 505
effects of grace in, 140
note, 141
essence and existence
distinct in, 300
essence distinct from
operative power in, 468
faith of wayfaring, 478,
485, 490
first act of, 176
grace according to rank,
90
grace naturally
unintelligible to, 125
infused species in, 478
intelligence in, 407
justification a simple
generation in, 326
natural and supernatural
beatitude, 411
natural and supernatural
cognition, 489
no mediocrity permitted,
237
not able to generate
angles, 306
not able to infuse
grace, 306
not able to merit first
grace, 385
not Christian grace
strictly, 148
perseverance a special
grace, 107, 195
principle of
predilection concerning, 193, 415
revelation through
guardian, 342
virtues to follow grace,
146
Anselm, St.: on free will, 290
Antecedent will, 40, 183-86, 432: and categorical
good, 99 note, 267;
and the origin of
superiority, 420; and permission of sin, 191; sufficient grace from,
432; or will for universal salvation, 198
Anthony of the Holy Ghost, C.D.: prayer of impulse, 283 note
Apostles confirmed in grace, 107, 290
Apostolic life, 161
Aquaviva, Claude: decree on grace, 206
Aristotle, 69, 94 note, 100
Acquired perseverance, 102
Act specified by object, 464-68, 472
Bouillard condemnation of, 412 note
Contrary inclination, 123 note
Definition of virtue, 144
Individual existence, 127
Motion, 118
Mutual causality, 355
Potency and act, 431
Soul form of the body, 325
Arnauld: little interior grace admitted by,
188; remiss charity, 188
Assisting grace, 180
Atheism, 481
Attrition, 92, 266, 346: defined, 348;
natural and supernatural motives for, 348
Auctorem fidei, bull condemning synod of Pistoia, 177
Augustine, St., 10, 13 and note, 206
divine efficacy, 313
divine election, 106
division into operative grace, 163-68
efficacious grace, 193-96, 243
error if Simon Magus, 228
final perseverance, 100, 102
God able to draw good from evil, 27
God’s judgment inscrutable, 83, 108, 244
grace a quality, 119
grace, disposition of grace, 78, 80
grace necessary to rise from sin, 82
grace needed for divine commands, 68
grace preceding charity,
144
grace required for
knowledge, 41
grace required for supernatural good, 53
gratuitous adoption, 136
against Manicheans, 89
meriting eternal life, 75
natural integrity, 24
no impossible command, 434
perseverance, 394
perseverance of angels, 107
against pharisaism, 249, 270, 275
predestination, 424 and note
predilection, admitted by, 193
prevenient and subsequent grace, 177
pure nature, 32
against quietism, 264
reconciliation pertaining to grace, 115
remission of sin, 326
special help to pagans, 66, 94
temporal reward of natural virtue, 53, 398
uncertainty of being in grace, 318
Augustinians
ascendant delight, 254
council of Toucy, 435
at Council of Trent, 440
efficacious grace, 202, 204, 430
little grace, 189
negative reprobation, 19
Auxiliis, Congregatio de, 69, 83, 206
Averroes: powers diversified by natures, 466, 474
Aversion from supernatureal ends, 504
Baianism, 8, 17: excess about requirements, 6; pseudo
supernaturalism of, 15
Bainvel: infused and acquired faith same object, 481 note
Baius, 6, 8
condemnation of, 61, 132
confusion of two orders, 370
denial of possibility of pure nature, 23, 32
disparagement of reason, 44
error about merit, 364
grace and conversion, 92
knowledge of God impossible without grace, 59
moderate Protestant, 127 and note
natural love of God impossible, 56
pessimism of, 370
rejection of distinction between substantial and modal
supernatural, 68
Balaam’s gift of prophesy
Balance of theological principles, 422-28, 442
Bancel: the divine decree, 443 note; extension of his opinion, 265, 268
and note; sufficient grace a physical promotion, 230
Bañez, 206: accused of invention, 216, 440; aversion from supernatural
and natural ends, 504; procession of acts disposing for grace, 357;
supernatural revelation quo et quod, 486 note; supernaturalness of
faith, 482 and note, 484
“Bañezianism,” 445-64: in Capreolus, Cajetan, 446 and note; del Prado
on, 216, 440, 446; in St. Thomas, 447, 458
Baptism 149: of desire in pagan child, 341, 344, 504; grace of, 443
Basil, St., De humilitate, 418
Bautin (fideist), 42, 44
Beatific vision, 137, 401 note: in Christ, 288; object of 400
Beatitude, 137: natural and supernatural, 410
Beghards, errors about venial sin, 96
Belief: from supernatural motive required grace, 48; in God required for
beatitude, 343
note; motives of, 344;
see also Faith
Bellarmine, St. Robert, 70, 154, 216
Christ’s obedience, 294
congruism embraced by, 206 note, 211
faith for justification, 336, 340
meriting perseverance de congruo, 397
meriting restoration, 389
Molinism attacked by, 206
procession of acts in justification, 357
Bellelli, the ascendant delight, 254
Benedict XIII (pope), 17: approved efficacious grace, 253;
forbade
condemnation of St. Thomas, 18
Benedict XIV (pope): efficacious grace, 261, fortitude, 281
Benedict XV (pope): Mass for happy death, 109, 397
Benevolence, 114: of God the source of justification, 328;
toward God
for supernatural attrition, 349; see also Love
Bernard, St.: Christ’s obedience, 294; grace and free will, 275;
operative grace, 168
Berti: grace efficacious by ascendant delight, 204, 254
Bible: inspiration of the, 285, 462 note; see also Scriptures
Biel, Gabriel: infused and acquired faith, 481;
see also Gabriel
Billot S.J. (cardinal), 445
actual grace,
86
actual grace in the
just, 97 note
Christ’s obedience, 293
efficacious grace in
just, 254
generous concurrence, 99
grace a habit by
analogy, 123
grace in Christ, 139
indifferent physical
promotion, 204 note, 247
specification of acts,
69
supernaturalness of
faith, 51
Billuart
against Nominalists, 132
assent of
faith supernatural, 50
aversion from
supernatural and natural ends, 504
Christ’s obedience, 294
Congregatio de Auxiliis,
83
differences between
Thomism and Jansenism, 203
difficulty of natural
truths, 47
divided sense, 449 note
divine decrees, 224
efficacious grace, 195,
419 note
essential
supernaturalness of grace, 360
general help, 39
God's charity greater to
restored nature, 28
on González’ opinion,
231
grace an accident, 121
grace and Pure Act, 138
grace distinct from
charity, 146 grace in state of innocence, 29
De Gratia, 35
note
increase of charity, 391
knowledge of
supernatural requires grace, 44
Lemos quoted by, 220
ministry not charisma,
156
Molina's innovation, 206
natural love of God, 61
operative grace, 570
Pelagianism and internal
grace, 10
permissive decree, 228
perseverance, 505
perseverance merited
de congruo, 397
possibility of pure nature, 32
procession of acts in
justification, 357
redemptive Incarnation, 31 and note
rejects
minimizing universal salvific will, 19 note
Semi-Pelagians and
initial grace, 53
Semi-Pelagians and predestination, ix and note
sufficient grace, 208
sufficient help at age
of reason, 85
supernatural concurrence, 99
supernatural revelation
quo et quod, 486 note
supernaturalness of
faith, 482, 484
on Tournely's objections, 232 tradition about natural
law and grace, 68
uncertainty of
attrition, 322
Blessed in heaven: alone
know the Deity,
399; cannot merit, 382;
confirmed in good, 290; free will of, 295, 455 note; Vasquez on merit
of, 381
Blessed Virgin Mary; see Virgin Mary
Body, subject
to soul in state of innocence, 24
Boetius: consequential necessity, 263
Bonaventure,
St.: grace and free will, 276; procession of acts disposing for grace, 357;
supernaturalness of faith, 484
Bonetti (fideist), 42, 44
Boniface II (pope), Second Council of Orange confirmed by, 14,
417
Bossuet, 219
adversary of quietism,
264
free will and grace,
247, 278, 463
God no greater for creation, 299
the prayers of the
Missal, 250
pre-Augustinian Fathers on grace, 275
predetermining divine premotion, 256
sufficient and efficacious grace, 185, 196, 201, 278
note, 442 and note
Bouillard, S.J., 35 note, 411 note: Modernism and, 412
note; reciprocal causality, 358 note
Boyer, S.J.: habits and active principles, 478; supernaturalness of
grace, 484
Brown, O.P.: matter and form of sacraments, 479
Caelestius (Pelagian), 10
Caesarius of Arles against Semi-Pelagians, 14
Caiphas' gift of prophecy, 152
Cajetan
aversion from natural
and supernatural ends, 504
Communion and increase
of charity, 392
cooperating grace, 38
corrected terminology
about substance of act, 74
dignity of Virgin Mary,
142
faith, 476
final instant, 352, 381
formal and material
aspect of powers, 466, 474
general help, 39
grace and Pure Act, 138
habits and active
principles, 478 justice above miracles, 162
merit de condigno,
375
motion from evil to
good, 346 necessity of grace, 41
objects specify acts,
466, 473
operative grace, 170 and
note participation in divine nature, 128, 134 note
predetermining
premotion, 446 note
pre-eminence of grace, 136
preparation for grace,
316 note
procession of acts in justification, 357
quoted by St. Alphonsus, 232
redemptive incarnation, 31 note
rejection of motion prior in time, 257
sixth condition of merit, 383
supernatural revelation
quo et quod, 486 note
supernaturalness of
faith, 482 and note, 484
Calvinism
certainty of being in
grace, 317
condemnation of, 200
cruelty of, 509 note
denial that man can
merit, 364
divided sense of, 263, 440 note, 449
grace an extrinsic designation, 110
impossible precepts, 72
operative actual grace,
174
and predestinationism,
16, 187
against reason, 45
Cano: infused faith essentially supernatural, 484
Capreolus, 49:
aversion from supernatural and natural
ends, 504;
Christ's free love of God, 297 note;
predetermining decrees,
446;
supernaturalness of faith, 482 and note, 484
Cartesians, substance and accident not distinct, 117, 125
Carthage: first council of, 10; second council of,
10
Cassian, moderate Semi-Pelagian, 11
note, 13, 14
Categories applied to grace, 121
Catharinus:
certainty of grace, 317 and note; "Molinism" invented by, 205Causality
of being and act, 441 note
divine, 258
efficient,
283, 414, 433-435
extends to meritorious choice, 257, 434
from God's knowledge, 245, 252
of grace, 305-24
metaphysically certain, 483, 495
priority of, 242,
256
reciprocal, 31, 355-58 and note
relationship of
dependence, 244
Caussade, de, S.J.: Self-Abandonment to Divine Providence, 277
Celestine I, St. (pope): condemnation of
Semi-Pelagianism, 14, 94; necessity of actual grace, 97; perseverance,
101Certainty
absolute, 319
of being in grace, 317 ff.
cause of, 489
of faith, absolute and relative, 494
of loving God
supernaturally, 320
mere moral, 482
of possessing faith, 322
of supernatural quality of faith, 323, 480-97
Charismata; see Grace gratis data
Charity; see also
Love
of child of God, 502
condition of merit, 381
and difficulty of a work, 376
distinct from grace, 143-46
essential perfection consists in, 377
first act of,
170 note, 171
formal motive of, 497
imperates all the virtues, 378
included in penance, 347
justification and disposing act of, 357
merits
increase, 390-92
as mode of acting requires grace, 68
necessity of,
158
no absolute certainty of, 322
no term of increase to, 408 note
participation in
Deity, 407
participation in divine love, 139
participation in divine
will, 146
permanence of, 158
present-day need of, 499
presupposes grace, 145
principle of merit, 147,
375
remiss act of, 391
resides in will, 171
stimulated by efficacy
of grace, 253, 274
surpasses charismata, 157 and note
utility of, 158
virtual influence of,
376
Christ
as man merited all
grace, 148
capital grace of, 387
charismata as habits in,
157
charity of, 367
efficacious grace in,
293-304
faith in, 253
first act of, 176
free will in, 290-304,
379 and note, 463 note
His hour determined, not
necessitated, 460
His passion opened
heaven, 27 note
His prayer in Gethsemane, 251, 271
impeccability of,
286-304
impeccable de jure, 288
instrumental cause of nature's restoration, 28
instrumental, physical cause of divinization, 148,
305
Jansenist heresy about death of, 188
the Mediator,
30
merited in strict justice, 365, 367
meritorious
cause of grace, 305
meritorious obedience of, 286-304
not adopted, 137
note
received divine precept, 293-97
value of meritorious works of, 378
Chrysostom, St.
John; see John Chrysostom
Church doctrine; see also Lateran, Milevum, Orange, Quierzy, Trent, Vatican, Valence
efficacious grace, 182, 199-201
merit, 364
and modern world, 498 ff.
perseverance, 101
sufficient grace, 182, 187-99
Cicero, naturalism of, 9
Clement VIII, and the Congregatio de Auxiliis, 69,
206, 471 note
Clement XI (pope), defense of Thomism, 17
Clement XII (pope), efficacious grace, 261
Clement of Alexandria, grace and free will, 88
Coercion, freedom from, 188, 287, 379 Coimbrian
school, departure from St.
Thomas, 216,
259
Coincidence of death with grace, 104: not fortuitous, 108
Collationes (Cassian), 11 note
Commandments, 208;
see also Law, natural;
Precept
Communion; see Eucharist
Communion of saints, 388
Communism, atheistic, 237, 498
Compensation for
natural inequality by grace, 316
Complacency, love of: in unbaptized infants, 65
Composite sense, 421 note: and divided sense, 263, 304, 449
Concordia; see Molina
Concreation, 307
Concupiscence: incorrupt nature exempt
from, 23; original
justice exempt from, 25; in state of
pure nature, 22;
and weakness of will, 65
Concurrence
to avoid sin, 92
called grace, broadly
speaking, 93 general, 53, 229
natural, 44 ff.
needed for doing good,
54
prevenient and effective
(special), 55 simultaneous (Molina), 42 and note, 55
sufficed integral nature
to love God naturally, 57
Condemnation of Baius and Quesnel, 61
Condition not to be confused with cause, 226, 260
Conditional will of God; see Antecedent will
Conferred sufficient help, 213
Confirmation in
grace, 107, 290: with transforming union, 323
Congar, O.P.: on predetermination, 460 and note
Congregatio de Auxiliis, 69, 83, 206, 471 note
Congruism, 19, 203-7, 221 note
accepts scientia
media, 247
admits grace beyond
sufficient, 210
distinguishes congruous and other grace, 316
impossible middle
ground, 236
objections apply to, 224
and predilection, 419
note
refutes Molinist
objection, 260
"whitewashed Molinism," 207
Coninck: Nominalism on sanctifying grace, 127
Conjectural knowledge of being in grace, 317, 320, 323
Connaturalness of supernatural acts, 120, 132 and note
Consecration to the Sacred Heart, 344
Consequent will, 40, 99 note, 183-86:
efficacious grace from,
198, 432;
and the origin of superiority, 420;
regards particular
circumstances, 267
Constraint, freedom from, 88, 287, 379
Contemplation, infused: belongs to sanctifying grace, 153 and
note; certainty of grace in, 323; not extraordinary, 162; operative
grace suffices, 175; painful and obscure, 272
Contemplative life and active life, 161
Contemplative prayer, 251, 271: apparent clarity withdraws from, 294
Contenson: procession of acts disposing for grace, 357;
sacramental grace, 149
Contingentism, 124, 368
Contradiction, principle of, 330, 453 and note
Contrition: habitual grace and disposing act of, 357;
justification requires explicit act of, 349; necessary for
justification, 335, 345; perfect and imperfect, 348; purpose of
amendment virtual in, 349
Conversion: imperfect and perfect, 356, 360; operative actual
grace, 163;
from sin requires grace,
91
Cooperative grace, 38, 150, 181
eminent in an operative
grace, 175
God the principal agent, 174
habitual grace referred
to as, 174
Molina on, 163
not all merit in need
of, 363 note
with our action, 173
physical impulsion, 164
willing the means, 172
Cornoldi, S.J., 445
Corrupt nature; see Fallen nature Council of
Orange; see Orange, Second Council of
Covenant between God and Christ the Redeemer (Molina), 14, 63, 82-85:
acceptable to Semi-Pelagian, 82;
condemned by French clergy, 85; confers grace on natural act, 77; grace
not refused to negative preparation, 82
Created grace; see Grace, created
Creative
act from divine liberty, 129
Creature: naturally deficient, 223, 229, 248;
inequality of, 418
Curé of Ars, unaware of his grace, 318
Curiel:
participation in infinity impossible, 128, 538
Cyprian, St.: adoption, 136; glory in nothing, 418
Cyril of Jerusalem: grace and free will, 88
Damascene, St. John: antecedent divine will, 424, 433
Dark night of the soul, 251:
demands efficacious grace, 279; difficulty of, 264; confidence amid, 502;
purification of faith in, 496
De civitate Dei, 13 note, 33:
perseverance of angels,
107; temporal reward of natural virtue, 53
De dono perseverantiae (St. Augustine), 33:
efficacious grace, 193; inscrutability of God's judgment,
108; principle of predilection, Pelagians, 102
De Region, 206
Death: and final perseverance, 105; incorrupt nature exempt from, 23;
original justice exempt from, 25;
in state of pure nature, 22
Decree, divine, 186, 224, 245
Augustine to Prosper on,
244
called "purpose" by St.
Paul, 242 note
in Capreolus, 446
infallible efficacy of,
313
permissive, 228-30
physical premotion
pursuing, 256
pre-determination about Christ, 379 note, 460
St. Thomas on, 443 note
and syncretism, 454
Deficient cause, 224, 226: for lack of grace, 313; required
only by sin, 260, 269, 450
Degrees of divine motion, 34-38
Deity
above being and unity,
186
essentially supernatural
specified by, 121
formal constituent of,
400, 408
grace formal
participation in, 131, 533 and note, 399-412
and pure Act, 138-40
reconciles mercy,
justice, and liberty, 186, 196, 222, 238, 442
specifies grace, 407
surpasses created
intellects, 385, 399
Del Prado, O.P., 427 note
aversion from
supernatural and natural ends, 504
"Banezianism," 256, 440,
446
charismata and sanctity 162
degrees of divine
motion, 35, 37
degrees of sufficient grace, 443 note
effects of
operative grace, 176
efficacious and sufficient grace, 186 note, 243, 247
justice above miracles,
162
mediate knowledge of
Semi-Pelagians, 12
against Molina, 164-67
operative grace, 163
note, 170, 173
specification of acts, 70
stimulating and
assisting grace, 180
supernaturalness of faith, 484
twofold motion for
operative actual grace, 175
Deliberation: and divine motion, 35; in infused
virtues, 172
Delight, ascendant, 202, 204, 254
Demons: freedom
confirmed in evil of, 291; love of God in, 65;
material faith, 51, 469, 494;
their belief in mysteries of faith, 48,
123
Denifle, Luther und Luthertum, 16, 339
Descartes;
see Cartesians
Determinists, liberty of indifference denied by 218
Dionysius, "patiens divina," 322 note
Discerning of
spirits: charismatic grace, 151, 155; see also Grace gratis data
Disposition for grace: final, instantaneous, 351-53, 355, 358;
see
also Preparation for grace
Divided sense: Calvin's use of term, 263, 287, 304, 440; and composite
sense, 263, 304;
Msgr. Parente
confuses, 449; St. Thomas', 450
and note
Divine decree; see Decree, divine
Divine maternity, dignity of,
141, 360
Divine motion: degrees of, 34-38; necessary for good
act, 597
Divine nature, defined, 129; see also Participation in divine
nature
Divisions of grace, 5, 150-81
Doctrine of the Church; see
Church doctrine
Durandus, 68 note, 125: adoption of sonship, 137, 142;
denial that object specifies act,
465; grace is charity, 543; infused
and acquired faith, 472, 481; invented "Molinism," 76, 205
Duval: perseverance, 100
Easy salutary acts; see Facile acts
Eclanum, Julian
of (Pelagian), 10
Eclectic method: about easy and difficult acts, 422; unscientific,
286, 294
Eclecticism: of the Sorbonne, 19 and note, 203
Efficacious grace, 150, 183, 421 and note:
cannot he merited, 396
Church doctrine on,
199-201
distinguished from sufficient, 429-45
efficacy of operation in,
199
experiential knowledge of, 255
Gonzalez' opinion, 230
"help whereby," 195
and the inspiration of
the Bible, 285
intrinsic efficacy, 239
is conferred, 199
liberty remains with, 200
in the martyrs, 280-83
of most ardent love, 283
no sign to be expected
of, 264
not denied to anyone,
220
offered in sufficient
grace, 221, 231
and the origin of superiority, 419
and predilection,
185, 412-28
St. Alphonsus' opinion
of, 232-36
St. Thomas on, 431
in the saints, 278-83,
462
scriptural basis of,
240-43
and spirituality, 268-78
two systems re, 202-8
Efficacious help, in the state of pure nature, 22
Election applies to means, 171
Elias and Enoch meriting, 381
Empiricism, 289, 496
Ephesus, Council of: against Pelagians, 10
Erigenus, Scotus: error about sufficient grace, 190
Errors concerning grace, 8-15
Essence of grace; see Grace
Esther, Book of, 240, 250
Estius: ignorance as disposing for grace, 88
Eternal life, cannot be merited without grace, 74
Eucharist: charity increased at Communion, 392; means of graces greater
than state of
innocence, 29, 30; on nine first Fridays, 398 note
Eunomius: faith alone suffices, 338
Evil: permission a condition, not cause of, 226; permitted for greater
good, 27, 30, 32,
445 note; requires only deficient cause, 260, 356,
445 note; see also Sin
Evolutionism, 330, 355
Example, external grace of, 150, 152, 212
Exciting grace, 180
Existentialism, 289, 448 note
Experience, obscurity of, 477
External grace, 150, 212, 260, 443
Extraordinary
help not miraculous, 39
Facile acts, 265-68 and note: difficulties
Faith; see also Belief
absolute infallibility
of, 487-89
act of formed, 169, 340
cause of certainty in,
489
certainty of possessing,
322
certainty of
supernatural quality of, 323
charismatic grace, 151,
155; see also Grace gratis data
of child of God, 501
in Christ, 253, 272
compared to prophecy, 160
in divine good pleasure,
252, 272
dogmatic, 335
exclusion of deliberate
doubt, 487
formal motive of, 481, 483, 485
in God's omnipotence, 253,
272
in God's wisdom, 252,
272
held to be natural, 482
implicit and explicit,
344
included in penance, 347
includes devout will to
believe, 349
infused, a participation in Deity, 404
inspired by efficacy
of grace, 252
justification requires act of, 334, 349
lacking form (informus),
49, 386
mere moral certainty, 482
modernism on, 483
in natural truths of
religion, 485 participation in divine knowledge, 147 per sc infused,
491-93
present-day need of, 498
preternatural in sinner,
146
Protestant, fiduciary,
334-36, 338 pure, 423, 426
reaction to error by,
493
St. Thomas on infused,
476
supernatural motive of, 489-91
supernaturalness and certainty of,
480‑97
Fallen nature, state of,
26
compared to pure nature,
26
love of God in, 504
more corrupted in will
than intellect, 65
requires grace to love
God, 58, 64
requires grace to observe whole natural law, 54, 67, 93
strength for moral good
in, 504
unable to merit eternal life, 369 and note
Fatalism, 266
Faustus of Riez, Semi-Pelagian, 13, 14:
beginning of salvation,
11 note
Fear: filial, 340, 347; servile, 347
Felicitas, St.: grace of
martyrdom, 282 and note
"Felix culpa," 31
Ferrariensis
aversion from natural
and supernatural ends, 504
Christ's love of God
free, 297
note final instant, 352
permission of sin and
grace, 225
procession of acts in justification, 357
sufficient cause,
218 and note
supernaturalness of faith, 482 and note
Fessart, Gaston, 448 note
Fideists: disparagement of reason, 44; grace necessary for knowledge of
truth, 42
Fiduciary faith of Protestantism, 317, 332, 338: confusion of faith with
hope, 335
Final grace, Semi-Pelagian errors regarding, 11
Final instant, 351, 381
Finality, principle of: applied to disposition for grace, 78;
commensurate agent, 98;
and predilection, 414
First grace: for another, 387-88; whether man can merit, 384-87; see
also Initial grace
Following of Christ on efficacious grace, 254, 276
Foreknowledge, God's: Semi-Pelagian error about, 12; see also Mediate
knowledge
Foreseen consent, 187, 203, 254; God waits upon our (Molina), 242; see
also Mediate knowledgeFormal constituent of divine nature, 400: subsistent being, 400;
subsistent intellection, 400 and note
Formal object: of acquired and infused faith, 471; quo et
quod, 468 note, 484, 491; specifies act
or habit, 66, 140, 464-80
Fortitude of the martyrs and grace, 280
Francis de
Sales, St.: efficacy of grace, 277
Francis of Assisi, St.:
humility of, 270, 418
Franzelin: acquired and infused faith same object, 481; Christ's
obedience, 293; and Gonet, 228
Free will; see also Liberty
analogically
participated, 422
to choose the good, 259
note, 290
first principles not subject to, 301
free from constraint,
188, 379
free from necessity,
188, 379
grace never "subsequent"
to, 178
and hatred for sin, 345
justification requires
movement of, 333
merit requires, 379
new definition of, 421
and note, 464
Nominalist objection to proof of, 345
not cause of grace, 181
and predestination, 315
several virtues in one
act, 341
traditional definition of, 421
Friendship: by charity, 376; love of, 60; merit de congruo
based on, 368, 387; merits
reward
infallibly, 397
Froschammer, Semi-rationalist, 9
Fulgentius, St.:
the Gentiles acting from grace, 71; perseverance,
275; against
Semi-Pelagians, 14, 244
Gabriel: contingentism, 125; keeping natural law without grace, 68
note; love of God
without grace, 63; see also Biel
Gaetan du Saint Nom de Marie, on St. Paul of the Cross, 280 note
Gardeil: on Deity, 399 note; habitual grace a habit, 123; participation
in divine nature, 133,
407; supernaturalness of faith, 484
Gelasius (pope), books of Faustus and Cassian
denounced by, 14
General help, 38-40
Gennadius of Marseille, Semi-Pelagian, it note, 13
Gentiles, 9, 71
Germanicus, St.: grace of martyrdom, 282
Gerson and Nominalism, 525
Gifts of the Holy Ghost, 36: operative grace, 563, 170-72;
present-day need
of,
498-503; sufficient grace of, 443
Glory
due to possessor of
grace, 108
an entitative habit, 147
in essence of soul, 147
final cause of merit, 31
grace seed of, 121, 129,
158
manifestation of God's goodness, 365
quiddity of grace and light of,
403
God; see also Deity
absolute power of, 375
author of grace and
glory, 485
causality of, 244-46, 252
cause of being and
action in sin, 436
consequent and antecedent will of, 583
could create
grace independently, 307
decree of His will, 245
election by, 246
faith on authority of,
476, 485
five proofs of existence
of, 244
good in its entirety
from, 248, 445 note
His knowledge of simple intelligence, 32
His love produces
goodness, 113, 115, 328
infuses penance, 347
inner life of, 442
mover in operative
grace, 169
mover of the intellect,
570
predetermining or predetermined, 257, 314
presence of, 361
principal efficient
cause of grace, 305-9
the separate common good, 160
unable to will
disorder of sin, 436 and note
Godoy: aversion from natural and supernatural ends, 504; original sin
for greater good, 31; procession of acts for habitual grace, 357
Gonet, 31
adoption procured by
grace, 142
aversion from supernatural and natural ends, 504
charismata transient
movements, 156
Christ's obedience, 294
Franzelin and, 228
general and special
help, 38 ff.
grace a formal
participation, 527
grace an accident, 121
grace and Pure Act, 138
meriting restoration,
389
against Nominalism, 525
not moral certainty of
state of grace, 324
operative grace, 177
pre-eminence of grace,
136
procession of acts in
justification, 357
St. Paul's enumeration, 154
same grace sufficient
and efficacious, 213 note, 432 note
sufficient grace, 208
supernatural revelation
quo et quod, 486 note
supernaturalness of
faith, 482, 484
Gonzales, O.P. (cardinal): physical premotion, 216
Gonzalez de Albeda, O.P., 182: divine decree, 443 note; his impeded
predetermination inconceivable, 231 and note; impulse to second act,
230; misinterpreted, 265, 268 and
note; opinion on sufficient and
efficacious grace, 577, 214, 230; rejects mediate
knowledge, 230Good
whether it can be willed
without grace, 52-56
in its entirety from
God, 248
in natural order, 52
"not to resist grace"
is, 90 and note supernatural, 53
use of natural works, 89
of the whole in nature, 57, 60
works of just
meritorious, 378
Gospel, law of the, 148
Gotti, 208, 211: aversion from supernatural and natural ends, 504; supernaturalness of faith, 482, 484
Gottschalk: Council of Toucy, controversies over, 268, 435, 455; predestinationism,
15, l87; prepared way for Lutheranism, 8
Goudin: procession of acts for habitual grace, 357
Grace
Absolute perfection of,
141
an accident, 307
actual grace a motion,
117; see also Actual grace
for another, 387
assisting grace, 180
can increase infinitely,
139
cause of, 305-24
charismata inferior to
sanctifying, 157-63
charity presupposes, 145
in Christ, 140
Christian, 148
cooperative;
see Cooperative grace
could be created
independently, 307
created: definitions of,
5; divisions of, 150; morally, 308;
not created but educed, 307;
possible independently, 307
dignity of grace, 138-43
distinct from charity,
143
diverse effects of, 140
and note
division into operative
and cooperative, 163-77
divisions of, 5, 150-81
effects of, 178, 325-98
efficacious and
sufficient, 99 note, 150, 431; see also
Efficacious grace
essence of, 110-49
essence of soul subject
of, 146-49
exciting grace, 180
external grace, 150,
212, 260, 443
first; see Grace,
initial
formal aspect of, 406
in general, defined, 151
gratis data,
150-63; see also Grace gratis data
gratuitous, 33
habitual; see Habitual
grace
healing: to keep whole
natural law, 73, 85, 93; necessary
for practical judgment to love God, 63-66; required for affectively
efficacious love, 63; see also Restored
nature
of the Holy Ghost, 148
inequality of, 165, 419
initial grace: for
another, 387; whether man can merit, 384-87;
Semi-Pelagian errors about,
11 and note
instrumental cause, 305
internal: divisions of,
150; enumeration of, 212; heresies
regarding, 10;
Jansenism on, 188
justification the effect
of, 325-62
justification
inconceivable without, 327-32
light and attraction,
sufficient, 443
meanings of the word, 3,
112: analogical sense, 113; predestination, 114;
uncreated love, 114
necessity of;
see
Necessity of grace
never “subsequent” to
free will, 178
not created but educed,
307
operative and
cooperative, 174, 213 and note; see also Operative grace
participation in divine
nature, 126-43, 399-412
perseverance requires
special efficacious, 104
preparation for
habitual, 309-12; see also Preparation for grace
preservation of, 332
prevenient, 150, 177-80:
all preparation for grace is, 78;
Molina’s opinion on 14, 82, 208; same grace subsequent and, 179; Semi-Pelagianism
and, 13; uncreated love of God always, 179
priority of nature in justification belongs to, 353
quality of the soul,
117-38
radical principle of
merit, 147
sacramental, 148, 153,
174
sanctifying: extended
sense, 153; permanent principle,
411; a quality, twofold sense, 153; see also Habitual grace
states of, 141
specified by Deity, 407
and note
stimulating, 180
subsequent, 178
sufficient; see
Sufficient grace
superabounded over sin,
30
twofold restoration to
God by, 152
value of, 136
Grace gratis data 150-63
in Christ, 157
division about
supernaturalness of,
exceeds power of nature,
154
found in sinners, 152
habitual or transient,
156
over and above merits,
152
for salvation of others,
152
Gratitude, 251, 271; see
also Thanksgiving
Gratuitous
predestination: Molina and,15; Semi-Pelagian
errors, 11
Gregory, St. (pope): active and contemplative
life, 161; predestination, 168
Grignon de Montfort, St.: true devotion to Mary, 388
Grou, S.J.: efficacious grace, 254, 277
Guillermin, 210 note, 443 note: on Gonzilez’ opinion, 230 and note, 265, 268 and
note; on little grace, 189
Guilt, remission of, 327-32; see also Evil;
Gunther (Semi-rationalist), 9
Habit
Cajetan on, 473
defined, 122
entitative and
operative, 145
grace reducible to, 122
included in original
justice, 25
specification of
operative, 469
specified by object,
464-80
St. Thomas’
classification of, 475
Habitual grace; see also Grace, sanctifying
both operative and
cooperative, 174
both prevenient and
subsequent, 179
certainty of being in,
317-24
degrees of, 162, 315-17
dignity of, 373
and disposing acts in
justification, 357
endowment of
nature in Adam, 24
essence of, 111 ff.
God alone infuses, 161
infused, not acquired
habit, 311
innocence compared with
justification,
its diversity from God,
315
to keep commandments
perseveringly,
not easily dislodged,
123 and note
operative and
cooperative, 174
physically predisposing
acts for, 31 I
preparation for, 309-12
prevenient and
subsequent, 179
principle of merit, 174
real and physical, 131
renders pleasing, 151,
174
source of Adam’s
integrity, 24
sufficient, 443
supernatural
substantially, 158
Hadrumetum, Semi-Pelagian monks of, 13
Happiness, natural desire for, 35, 37, 169
Harent: infused and acquired faith same object, 481
note
Harnack, 339
Healing, grace of (charisma), 151, 155; see also Grace gratis data
Healing grace; see Grace, healing
Héfèle, C. J.: Histoire des Conciles, 417, 434 note
Help: general and special, 38; natural help for knowledge, 41;
sufficient at age of reason, 81
Henríquez, S.J.: judgments against Molina, 206
Heretics’ natural knowledge
of supernatural truths, 48
Hermes (Semi-rationalist), 9
Hervé, Manuale, 393
Hilary, against Semi-Pelagians, 14
Hincmar, defended efficacious grace at Council of Toucy, 455
Historical method, weakness of, 286
Holy Ghost: inspires prayer,
251, 272; merit of free consent
to, 379; power of, 373; sufficient
cause of glory, 373; see also Gifts
Holy Orders, sacramental grace of, 149
Hope
certain and conditional, 233
certainty of, 322
of child of God, 502
formal motive of, 253,
271-73, 497
in passive
purifications, 274
penance includes act of,
347
present-day need of, 498
preternatural in sinner,
146
St. Alphonsus on, 233
scientia media
distorts notion of, 255
strengthened by grace,
253, 273
virtually in charity for
conversion, 349
Hugon
De gratia, 17, 68
note, 86
on J. González’ opinion,
231 and note
liberty and efficacious
grace, 200
permissive decree, 228
perseverance, 102
perseverance merited
de congruo, 397
sacramental grace, 149
Human nature
corrupt, 20, 26
infirmity of justified,
98
order of states of, 31
pure, 20-23, 33
repaired, 20, 26, 27-29
various states of, 20-32
Humility
basis of, 249,267, 436
of child of God, 501
disposition for grace, 30
doctrine of efficacious grace, 249, 269
justification requires act of, 340
sign of prayer of impulse, 284
Hyperdulia, 142
Hypostatic union: and charismata, 157; surpasses order of
grace, 141
Identity, principle of, 330
Ignorance
culpable, 318
incorrupt nature exempt
from, 23
of just man, 98
mercy induced
by, 88
original justice exempt
from, 25
practical intellect
affected by, 43
in state of pure nature,
22
Illuminative way, 162
Imitation of Christ on efficacious grace, 254, 276
Immanentism: destroys supernaturalness
of grace, 17; misunderstood
“capable of grace,” 360
Immediate sufficient help, 213
Immortality, not due to nature, 33
Impediments to knowledge, 47
Impulse, prayer of (St. Theresa), 283: differs from sensible
devotion, 284; effects of, 284;
envigorates the soul, 284; not
induced naturally, 284
Incarnation: greater good of, 355; had man not sinned, 31; more
perfect than justification, 359
Incorrupt nature, state of, 23, 504
Indiculus de gratra Dei, 416
Indifferent acts, none for individual, 54,
Indirectly voluntary acts, 318, 322
Indispensable condition not a cause, 226, 260
Infants: justified without free will, 332; in limbo, 505;
Semi-Pelagian error about salvation of, 12
and note
Infidels, Semi-Pelagian error regarding, 12
Infused contemplation; see Contemplation, infused
Infused virtues, 170 and note: confer power, not act, 197; and
cooperative grace, 172;
sufficient grace of, 443
Initial grace: Semi-Pelagian errors regarding, 11 and note;
see also First grace
Innocence, state of; see Original justice
Inscrutability: of God’s judgments, 83, 108, 244, 438, 441; of
human heart, 318, 322
Instant: final, 351; of justification, 349-52
Instrumental power of sacraments, 132
Integrity of nature, 23
could not merit eternal
life, 369
general concurrence and,
54
natural love of God
possible to, 57
not due to nature, 33
required grace for
supernatural work,
sprang from sanctifying
grace, 24
Internal grace; see Grace, internal
Interpretation of speeches,
charismatic grace, 151; see also
Grace gratis data
Irenaeus, St.: heresy of Simon Magus, 338;
sufficient grace, 192
Isambert, middle ground on efficacious grace, 204
note
Jansenism, 17
Christ did not die for
all, 188
condemned propositions,
187
disparages reason, 44
freedom from coercion
suffices, 287,
grace and free will, 203
impossible precepts, 72
impotence of the just,
187
intellect extinct, 43
interior grace always
efficacious, 188
liberty for meriting
defended against,
merit, 365
and Molinism, 17
natural love of God
impossible, 56
operative actual grace,
174
perseverance of angels,
107
pure nature impossible,
23, 32
sufficient and
efficacious grace, 180, 183,
sufficient grace denied,
259, 354
theory of little grace,
188
Janssens: God’s foreknowledge, 452
Jerome, St.: against Pelagians, 10
Jesuits; see Society of Jesus
Jews, more enlightened and ungrateful, 30
Joan of Arc, St.: state of grace, 318
John Chrysostom, St., 88: really sufficient grace, 192; salvation a
gift of God, 418; the works of the
Gentiles, 71 and note
John Damascene, St.: God’s salvific will, 424
John of St. Thomas, 7
actual grace twofold,
175
aversion from
supernatural and nat-ural ends, 504
Christ’s obedience, 294
classification of grace,
124
divine decrees, 186
efficacious and
sufficient grace, 186
grace and Pure Act, 138
justification of pagan
child, 341, 343
merit de congruo,
374
meriting efficacious
grace, 397
procession of acts in
justification, 357
quasi-experiential
knowledge of Trinity, 362
sacramental grace, 149
special help, 38
specification by formal
object, 471
and Suarez, 471 note
supernatural revelation
quo et quod,
supernaturalness of
faith, 482 and note,
twofold motion for
operative actual grace, 175
John of the Cross, St., 251
Ascent of Carmel, 423
confirmation in grace,
323
passive purification,
427
prayer for grace, 277,
280
predestination, 277
purification of faith,
496
Joseph, St.: restored nature in, 29
Judaism, naturalism of, 9
Julian of Eclanum (Pelagian), 10
Justice: commutative and distributive in merit, 383; presupposes
mercy, 373-75
Justification, 325-62
acts required of sinner
for, 332
compared to creation,
359
compared to
glorification, 359
dispositions produced
successively for,
effect of operative
grace, 169
faith, love, and
contrition explicit for,
freedom from guilt prior
in material
habitual grace and
disposing acts in,
identical with remission
of sin, 325-27,
instant of, 171
instantaneous, 349-52
is motion toward justice, 3
miraculous, 360
natural knowledge
insufficient for,
not ordinarily
miraculous, 360
of pagan child, 341-45
priority of grace in,
353
relative greatness of,
358-60
requires contrition, 345
requires grace, 327-32
requires remission of
sin, 347-49
sacramental, 335, 348
St. Thomas on acts
required for, 340,
in sleep, 311, 333
supernatural attrition
and sacrament
suffice for, 349
vocation precedes, 327
Justifying grace, 36: and affectively efficacious love, 64;
operative, 170 note; as something distinct
from perseverance, 101
Kant: agnosticism of, 45;
error about free will, 345; subjective
conceptualism of, 189
Kinds of grace, 5
Kleutgen, SJ.: defense of traditional Thomism, 445, 448 note
Knowledge
charismatic grace, 151,
155; see also Grace gratis data
of difficult natural
truths, 47
effectively
supernatural, 159
entitatively
supernatural, 48
of goodness twofold, 322
note
intrinsically
supernatural, 159
of philosopher and
theologian con- trasted, 401-6
of supernatural truth,
42
without grace, 41 ff.
Kors: grace in Adam a personal gift, 24, 327 note
La prédestination des saints et la grâce (Garrigou-Lagrange), 19,
99 note, 214 note
La Taille, de, S.J.: moral obligation of Christ to die, 293 and
note, 296; supernaturalness of
infused faith, 484
Laberthonnière, immanentism
of, 17
Lacordaire: the supernaturalness of faith,
Laicism, 506
Lallemant, S.J.: efficacious grace, 277
Lammenais: traditionalism to liberalism, 337
Lateran Council, Fourth, 131
Law, natural, 61, 65: with charity, 68; grace necessary to
fulfill substantially 67-74;
habitual
grace to fulfill perseveringly, 73;
indirectly violated by sin against
supernatural law, 66
Law, New Testament: set in the heart, 148
Law, written, 150
Leclercq, Dom H., 417
Ledesma: grace participation in infinity, 128
Ledochowski, S.J., 49: acknowledges Molina departs from St.
Thomas, 71
Leibnitz: psychological determinism, 189 note, 218
Lemoine: middle ground on efficacious grace, 204
note
Lemos, Thomas de, O.P., 38, 69
aversion from natural
and supernatural ends, 504
at Congregatio de
Auxiliis, 83
efficacious and
sufficient grace, 186 note, 208, 220
on J. Gonzilez’ opinion,
231 and note
operative grace, 170 and
note
Panoplia gratiae, 40
quoted by St. Alphonsus,
232
specification by formal
object, 471 and
supernaturalness of
faith, 482, 484
Lennerz, SJ.: specification of acts, 465
Leo (pope): adoption of sonship, 136
Leo XIII (pope), 295: biblical inspiration (Providentissimus),
462 and note, 285;
consecration
to the Sacred Heart, 344; Divinum
illud munus, 361; and Thomism, 448
note
Lepidi: supernaturalness of infused faith,
Lessius
Christ’s obedience, 293
denies grace
participation in divine
denies predilection, 419
note
foundation of divine
adoption, 137, 142
grace and free will,
165, 430 note
gratuitous
predestination, 205 and note
prevenient grace, 14
Liberalism: confusion of two orders, 337; error of
neutrality, 236, 498
Liberatore, S.J., 445
Libertism, 124, 368
Liberty; see also Free will
nature, 127
Bible inspiration does
not destroy, 285
of Christ, 290
defined, 301
in the Deity, 186
destroyed by
scientia
media, 255
divine premotion and,
217 note
efficacious grace
actualizes, 258, 270, 286
of equal choice or
balance, 300
God present to our, 269
grace not destructive
of, 264 note
moral, 297, 303
necessary for merit, 365
new definition of, 422
and operative grace, 176
psychological, 291, 295,
303
Lichetto, 125
Liguori, St. Alphonsus; see Alphonsus
Lorca: Christ received no precept to die, 293
Love; see also Charity
cause of goodness is
God’s, 113
of complacency in
unbaptized infants,
controversy over
affectively eflicacious,
of friendship, 60
of God author of nature,
504-6
of God in integral
nature, 55
of God by natural power,
56-66
God’s benevolent, 4,
113, 328
innate, 62
justification requires
explicit act of, 349
pure, 60
special grace for
supernatural, 59
De Lubac, H., Surnaturel, 410
Lucidus, predestinationist, 15, 187
Lugo, de: diversity of habits specify acts, 69, 465, 472 and note;
infused and acquired faith same
object, 481 note; precept received by
Christ, 293
Luther, Martin
certainty of
being in grace, 317
denied man
could merit, 364
Faith without
works, 339
grace an
extrinsic designation, 110
impossible
precepts, 72
intrinsically
efficacious grace, 261
Nominalists
prepared way for, 122, 125
and
predestinationism, 16
against
reason, 45
sins merely
covered, 347
will determined toward evil, 229
Malice outside object of omnipotence, 258 note
Manicheans, 229: dualistic pessimism, 58; error refuted, 33; free
will denied by, 88
Margaret Mary, St.: promise of the first Fridays, 398
Mariana, S.J.: Molinism attacked by, 206
Marin Sola: and St. Alphonsus, 232; undue extension of
Gonzilez’ opinion, 230 and note
Martines: grace a participation in infinity, 128
Mass, sacrifice of the: grace to celebrate, 149; for grace
of perseverance, 397; greater union with God
through, 30; for happy death,
109; St. Thomas anticipated Protestant objection, III
Massodig: accepts J. Gonzilez’ opinion, 230, 265; retains
Thomistic principles, 268 and note
Master General, O.P.: letter from Benedict XIII to, 253
Master of the Sentences; see Sentences
Materialism, 353, 481
Mattiussi, S.J., 445: infused faith essentially supernatural, 484
Mazzella, S.J.: habits specified by formal objects, 70; necessity
of actual grace, 98; St. Paul’s
enumeration of charismata, 154
Mediate knowledge, 83 note, 255
ascribes passivity to
Pure Act, 255, 439,
incongruity of, 254, 257
no foundation in St.
Thomas, 447
omnipotence limited by,
255
and our foreseen
consent, 187, 203, 242, 254, 430, 437
Semi-Pelagians and, 12,
313
Mediate sufficient help, 213
Medina: his enumeration of charismata, 154
Megarians: no power without act, 218,
Menéndez Rigada, O.P.: and Father Gardeil, 399
note, 407 and note
Mercy
basis of gift of
perseverance, 397
basis of merit de
congruo broadly con sidered, 386
of divine election, 106
induced by indigence, 88
justification requires
act of, 340
reconciled with the
permission of evil, 425
Merit, 363-98
based on friendship, 368
based on God’s mercy,
369
of Blessed Virgin Mary
higher than Adam’s, 30
cannot merit principle
of, 384-87, 396
charity and grace
conditions of, 381
of Christ confers grace
of persever- ance, 104, 109
of Christ’s free
obedience, 286-304, 379
conditions for, 379-83
de condigno, 75,
367, 373
de congruo, 368,
374, 386
and cooperative grace, 172
defined, 363, 366
denominated
analogically, 366, 369
disposing cause of
glory, 31
divine ordination
necessary for, 381-83
division of, 366-69 and note
of eternal life, 74
free use of grace and,
248
of final perseverance,
39297
from God possible to
man, 363
increase of grace,
290-92
of just man de
condigno, 372-75
justice and, 383
merely condign, 368
naturally good works do
not win,
not in strict justice,
365
obedience to rewarder
for, 379
obtains infallibly, 390,
395
presupposes divine
ordination, 365
principally by charity,
375-79
reckoning after original
sin greater, 29
restoration of, 389
supernatural good work
for, 380
temporal goods fall
under, 398
in via only,
380-82
work must be free for,
379
Merkelbach: sacramental grace, 149
Michel, A.: on Christ’s free obedience, 294
Milevum, council of, 10:
commandments require grace, 68;
condemned Pelagians, 76, 94; venial
sin, 96
Ministry not grace gratis data, 154,
Miracles: adapted to intelligence, 45; charismatic grace, 151,
154; external grace, 212; motive of
credibility of, 156 484; see also Grace
gratis data
Miraculous: justification not ordinarily, 360; substantially, 7
note; and supernatural substantially,
159, 368
Missal, prayers of the, 250, 271
Mixed life, 161
Moderate realism, 345
Moderate Semi-Pelagianism, 13
Modernism, 412 note, 448 note: on faith, 483, 487; oath against,
45; on pure nature, 32 368, 384, 387
Molinism
actual grace unnecessary
to just, 97
affectively efficacious
love without
agrees with Luther, 261
assent of faith
supernatural only in
“Bañzianism” invented by, 216
charge against St.
Thomas, 163
concedes grace to
fulfill command-
conversion with less
help, 164, 316,
cooperative grace, 16367
covenant between God and
Redeemer, 82-85; see also
Covenant
definition of free will,
464
departure from St.
Thomas, 216, 259
deplored Nominalism, 331
differs from
Semi-Pelagianism, 11, 12,
a dream, 249
efficacious grace denied
by, 203
extrinsically
efficacious grace, 204
faith from supernatural
motive with-
favorable circumstances,
205, 221 note
final perseverance, 105
free act only a mode,
248
free will in Christ, 292
fundamental assertion
of, 419 note
infused and acquired
faith, 472
interpretation of
Augustine, 165
just need not actual
grace, 97
mediate knowledge; see
Mediate knowledge
minimizes
God’s mercy, 219
misinterpretation of
actual grace, 118
negative preparation
prior to grace, 76
Nominalism of, 125
operative grace, 163-67,
174
refutation of, 208
scientia media;
see Mediate knowledge
against Semi-Pelagians,
164
specification of acts,
69, 465
succession of acts in
justification, 357
sufficient help, 205
Molinos, Michael, 96
Monica. St.: merited conversion de congruo, 368, 384, 387
Mopsuestia, Theodore of: minimized necessity of grace, 9
Moral certainty, 323
Moral motion, 254: cannot move infallibly to choice, 256 and
note; Molina against Semi-Pelagians,
163; objective or attracting, 254
Mortal sin: avoidance by sinner, 93-95; death to essence of
soul, 147; of just man, 95; in will, 147
Mother of God; see Divine maternity
Motion: cooperative, 170; divine, 34-38, 258 and note; operative,
170; three elements of, 347, 354
Muzio Vitelleschi, S.J.: confirmed Congruism, 207
Mystical contemplation; see Contemplation
infused
Natural act, substantially,
66
Natural concurrence, 44: grace in broad sense, 46; insufficient
to produce supernatural
disposition, 80; knows and enlarges on
revelation, 47
Natural good works, 371
Natural law; see Law, natural
Natural meaning of “grace,” 3
Naturalism, 8,506: Judaism and, 9; pagan origin of, 9
Nature: defined, 129; and supernature, 211; see also Divine
nature; Human nature
Necessity: consequential and logical, 262; and contingency, 459;
mediate, 335, 337; of precept, 335
Necessity of grace, 41-109
to avoid sin, 92-96
denied, 9
to do any good, 52-56
to fulfill natural law,
67-74
knowledge of truth,
41-52
to love God, 56-66
to merit eternal life,
74
to persevere, 99-109
to prepare for grace,
75-91
to rise from sin, 91
for salutary works of
just man, 97-99
Negation and privation distinguished, 298
Negative reprobation, 440 and note
Neo-Caesaria, Council of, 76, 94
New Syncretism; see Syncretism, new., I
New Testament law, 148
Nicholas de Flue, St., 259 note
Nicholas of Utrecht (Nominalist), 496
Nicolai, accepts J. González’ opinion, 230
Nominalism
adoption of sonship,
137, 142
argument against, 132
coexistence of sin and
grace, 330
considers fact not
nature, 289, 300,
denies that object
specifies act, 465
essed and acquired
faith, 472, 481
justification of pagan
child, 344
natural works
meritorious, 368, 370
and note
justification of pagan
child, 344
natural works
meritorious, 368, 370
note, 382
prepared way for
empiricism, 496
prepared way for
Lutheranism, 122
and
pseudo-supernaturalism, 16
removes real
distincitons, 143
Noris: ascendant delight, 204
Obedience: Christ’s free, 286-304; formal object of, 296; for merit, 379;
religious, 299
Obediential power of soul, 121, 306:
capable of grace, 360;
defined, 307;
grace educed from, 306;
simple non-
aversion, 308; Suarez’
active, 471
note
Object: formal constitution of, 48; see also Formal object
Ockham: anticipated empiricism, 496; grace a “bank note,”
124; prepared way for Luther, 16
Offered sufficient help, 213
Onanism, 58
Ontological perfection and formal object, 465, 474
Ontologists, 117, 125
Operative grace, 36, 150, 155, 170
containing
cooperative grace, 175
effects of, 176
habitual grace referred
to as, 174
leads to
consent, 175
Molina’s opinion on
163-67
not followed by
cooperative grace, 175
operates physically, 163
twofold motion for
actual, 175
will elicits act vitally
under, 173
Orange, Second Council
of, 11
actual grace, 97
affectively efficacious
love, 63
not followed by cooperative grace, 175
operates physically, 163
twofold motion for actual, 175
will elicits act vitally under, 173
Orange, Second Council of, 11
actual grace, 97
affectively efficacious love, 63
brief
perseverance, 105
conversion from sin
requires grace, 92
disposition to believe
is grace, 88
distinguished from
Baius, 56
efficacious grace, 198,
210, 239, 243, 429
final perseverance, 394
God author of all good,
417
God efficient cause of
grace, 305
God prepares will for
grace, 313
grace required for
faith, 49
impotence from weakness
of fallen nature, 68
indigence of man, 269
liberty and grace, zoo,
208
merit de congruo
requires grace, 79
merit of just man, 373
meriting first grace,
385
natural concurrence, 41
note
no beginning of
salvation without grace, 78
no good will without
grace, 83 and note
no reference to
covenant, 82
operative and
cooperative grace, 168
original sin death of
soul, 25
perseverance, 101, 200
perseverance in original
justice, 107
predilection, 243, 262,
414-16
grace, 78
salutary acts require grace, 200
against Semi-Pelagians,
14, 76, 94
special grace for
supernatural love, 59
sufficient grace, 190
supernatural good
demands grace, 52
supernaturalness of
grace, 132
Order of states of nature, 31
Origenists, 9
Original justice, state of, 24: efficacious
grace in, 195; included
sanctifying
grace, 326; perseverance
a special gift in, 107
Original sin, 26, 504
Paganism, 9
Pagans: justification at age of reason
of, 341-45; virtue
requires special
help in, 66, 94.
Pain: derives merit from charity, 373; exemption of incorrupt
nature from, 23; original justice
exempt from, 25; in state of pure nature,
22
Paludanus, quoted by Lorca, 293
Pantheism, 58, 489
Paquet: indifferent physical premotion, 204; not
“Cajetan-Thomistic,” 257; premotion toward good in
general, 256
Paquier, Le Jansénisme, 189
Parente, P.
apologetic conferences,
463 note
confuses divided sense
with Calvin’s, 440 note, 449, 451
determination to one,
458-60
new syncretism, 450-53
seeks compromise, 451,
453
spontaneity and freedom
of blessed, 451 note
sufficient and
efficacious grace, 450 and note
Participation in the divine nature, 116, 399-412
accident in us, 135, 409
analogical, 131, 406-8
Church definitions of,
128
formal, 126-143
grace is, 120
moral according to
Nominalists, 127,
Scripture confirming,
114, 128
stone has not, 133
theological proof of
formal, 129
virtual, 127
Pascal: hierarchy of being, 80; the “wager,” 61 note
Pascendi, Pius X, 448 note
Passive perseverance, 100 note, 102
Passive purification, 268
of faith, 496
free will in, 462
gift of understanding
in, 427
of hope and charity, 497
priority of nature in,
355
requires efficacious
grace, 279
of the spirit, 251, 264
temptation
against hope in, 274
Passivity attributed to Pure Act, 255, 439, 447, 455, 464
Patriotism, motives distinguished, 66
Paul V (pope): distinguishes Thomism from Calvinism
and Jansenism, 17; Thomist-Molinist debates
before, 206
Paul (apostle), St., 30
calls divine decree a "purpose," 242 note
charity, 151, 157
consent to conversion, 256
graces
gratis datae, 151
meaning of “faith” for,
335, 337
miraculous conversion
of, 360
misinterpreted by
Protestants, 338 note
predestination, 209 note, 235
revelation of being in
grace, 319
teaches efficacious
grace, 275
Paul of the Cross, St.: efficacious grace, 280 and note
Pecci (cardinal): accepts indifferent physical
premotion, 204 note; pre-motion toward good in
general, 256
Pelagianism, 422
admitted preaching confirmed by miracles necessary, 75
confusion of two orders,
370
denied prevenient grace,
177
efficacious grace
defended against, 199
efficacy of grace, 187
eternal life merited
without grace, 75,
external revelation
suffices for faith, 48
faith not infused, 490
happy death, 392
infused virtues for
facility, 10, 471 note, 476
materialistic
explanation of justification, 353
misuse of word “grace,”
5
operative actual grace,
174
optimism of, 370
perseverance, 100
phases of, 9
preparation without
grace for first grace, 76, 385
supernatural love without
special grace, 59
victory not
from God, 94
Penance
act of, 169
attrition required by
sacrament of, 348
charity controls, 346
faith, love, contrition
explicit for, 349
habit of, 173, 347
series of acts in, 347
virtue of, 169
Perfection: “as heavenly Father,” 131; of incorrupt nature, 23
Permanent internal help, 212
Permission of sin, divine, 27, 30-32, 222, 441 and note
distinguished from
reprobation, 225
final impenitence and,
440 and note
logical necessity of,
228
not cause of sin, 225,
356, 450of sin, 225,
356, 450
not refusal of grace,
109 note, 223-25
reconciled with mercy,
425 and note
Permissive will of God; see Consequent will
Perseverance
of angels, 107
avoiding mortal sin
until death, 95
defined and
differentiated, 99, 102
election of adults, 106
errors regarding, 100
external grace in
infants, 105
final passive, 100 note,
102
and hope, 233
meriting
final, 392-96
not promised, 396
requires special actual
grace, 103
Scripture attributes to
God, 101
Semi-Pelagian error, 11
special grace
for brief, 104
Personal sufficient help, 213
Pesch, SJ.: supernatural help, 98; withdraws from Molinism, 70
Petau: Christ received no precept, 293
Petazzi, S.J.: infused faith essentially supernatural, 484
Peter, St.: his denial, 196, 355; humility of, 27, 30
Petitot on Pascal and sufficient grace, 189
Pharisaism, 249, 242
Philip of the Holy Trinity, C.D.: prayer of impulse, 283 note;
procession of acts for habitual grace,
357; transforming union and
predestination, 323
Peter Lombard; see Sentences, Master of the
Philosophical conception of God, 402
Philosophical sin condemned, 342 and note
Picolomini, SJ.: confirmed
General
Aquaviva’s
decree, 207
Pignataro: indifferent physical premotion, 204 note
Pistoia, synod of: condemned, 17, 188, 199; denied grace
preceding good will, 82;
denied sufficient grace, 187 preaching and good
example, 188
Pius V, St. (pope): Catechismus romanus, 112 note
Pius VI condemned the synod of Pistoia, 17
Pius IX (pope): principle of contradiction and identity, 330;
salvation of those in invincible
ignorance, 82 and note
Pius X, Blessed (pope), 387: Pascendi,
448 note
Plato: use of term “participation,” 126
Polycarp, St.: grace of martyrdom, 281 and note
Positivism, 45, 345
Possibility of pure nature, 32-34; see also Pure nature
Potency and act
actual grace applied to,
118, 175
divine premotion makes
transition between, 41, 53, 98
divided sense and, 449
in the intellect, 169
and J. González’ opinion, 23
specification of, 468,
473
transition
effected by God, 257
Power: loving God by natural, 56; specification of, 468, 473;
see also Potency and Act
Power of God, absolute, 375
Pragmatism, 448
Prayer
breath of the soul, 250,
264, 271
of the child of God, 501
of Christ in Gethsemane,
251
to constrain our wills,
250 note
of contemplation, 251,
270
continual, 271
depends on mercy, 388
of impulse (St.
Theresa), 283
interior, 270
of the just, 388
of Mary on Calvary, 251
necessity of, 250
of petition necessary,
264, 270
scientia media
reduces need for, 255
of sinner and merit, 369
Preaching of the gospel, 150, 212: only antecedent
grace for Pelagians, 177
Precept laid on Christ, 295: denied, 293
Predestination
of angels, 195
and divine predilection,
440; see also first step in, 171 and free will, 246
gratuity of, 205, 235,
417 and note, 437
mystery of, 252, 396,
405, 437
no temporal succession
in, 439 note
particular gift, 105
Semi-Pelagian error
about, 11, 417
sufficient and
efficacious grace for, 194
vocation, justification,
glorification, effects of, 393
Predestinationism, 8, 15-20, d 7 , 422: on free will and grace, 200
Predilection, principle of, 4, 246, 254
Predilection, principle of
applications of, 418-23
basis of, 413
and efficacious grace,
412-28
follows from causality,
185
God’s consequent will,
435
necessity of, 417
and predestination, 440,
454
presupposes divine
decree, 186
universality of, 236,
414
necessitate form, 313
Cajetan on, 257, 446
note
for creature to pass
from potency to
indifferent physical,
204 note, 256 and
fallibly efficacious,
217 note
physical, 165
predetermining physical,
183, 202-4,
mystery of, 423, 427
Predisposition of matter, 310: does not necessitate
form, 313
Premotion
Cajetan on, 257, 446 note
for creature to pass from potency to act, 41 and note
indifferent physical, 204 note, 256 and note
fallibly efficacious, 217 note
physical, 165
predetermining physical, 183, 202-4, 256, 446
Preparation for grace, 309-12
disposition necessary
for habitual, not
actual grace, 81
God produces, 311
infallibly leads to
justification, 312-14
may be sudden, 311
Preservation of grace, 332
Prevenient grace; see Grace, prevenient
Privation: and negation distinguished,
298-300; physical and moral,
329; voluntary, 329
Prophecy, conditional “threatening,” 456 note
Prophecy, gift of, 150: Caiphas, Balaam, pagan sibyl, 152; compared to faith, 160; and prophetic
instinct, 477; see also Grace
gratis data
Prosper, St., 12,71: adheres to Augustine, 424 note; intrinsically
efficacious grace, 244, 275;
predestination, 237; predilection, 416;
against Semi-Pelagians, 14
Protestantism, 180; see also
Calvinism; Luther
absurdity of position on
justification, 327
of Baius, 127
believing oneself in
grace, 317
“confidence” confused
with faith by, 335
confident faith
sufficient for justifica tion, 332
efficacious and
sufficient grace, 183, 203
faith alone suffices,
337-40
God’s uncreated love for
us, 114
grace unnecessary for
justification, 327
inadequacy of, 481
justification not the
remission of sin, 325
merit, 364
misinterprets St. Paul,
338 and note
St. Thomas anticipated
objections of,
threefold faith, 334
Providence, 32, 212:
certainty of being in grace, 321; and contingent causes, 217 note;
extraordinary, 73; natural and supernatural, 211; special for final
perseverance, 104
Providentissimus Deus (encyclical), 285
Proximate sufficient help, 213
Prudence, rectitude of appetite presupposed by, 46
Pseudo-supernaturalism, 8, 15-17
Psychological determinism, 189 note
Pure love, 60
Pure nature, state of, 20-23
posed by, 46
could not merit eternal
life, 370
enduring observance of
natural law in, 73
four causes of, 22
natural love of God in
58, 60
not contradictory, 33
possibility of, 32-34,
411
resurrection and, 34
strength for moral good
in, 504
Purgative way, 162
Purgatory, souls in, 291: not capable of merit, 382;
Visquez on merit of, 381
Quality: actual grace not a, 117; immanent action, 119 and
note; sanctifying grace, 119 ff.
Quasi-experimental knowledge of God’s indwelling,
321
Quesnel
condemned, 17, 188, 263
denied sufficient grace,
187, 421 and note
disparaged
reason, 4ut merit, 364
grace only through
faith, 82
knowledge of God
impossible without grace, 59
no liberty from
necessity, 188, 421
Quierzy, Council of, 8: cited St. Prosper, 237; definition against
predestinationism, 16
Quietism, 60: and Thomism, 263
Radicalism, 237, 498
Rationalism, 9
Ratisbonne, miraculous conversion of, 360
Realism, moderate, 345
Reason
ordered to proper end
obtains grace, 64. 504
subject to God in the
state of innocence, 24
sufficient help at age
of, 81
unable to avoid all inordinate movements, 96
unable to demonstrate
possibility of grace, 409
undeniable first
principles of, 301
Reginaldus: accepts J. Gonzilez’ opinion, 230, 265, 268; Tria
principia, 478 note
Remiss charity, 391
Remission of sin: required for justification, 347-49;
substantially same as infusion of grace, 347
Remote sufficient help, 213
Reprobation, 225: negative and positive 228, 440 and note
Restored nature, state of, 26: compared with state of innocence,
27-29
Resurrection of the body, miraculous, 34
Revelation
for certainty of state
of grace, 133, 209
external grace, 212
of final perseverance,
209 note, 233,
for justification of
pagan child, 343
quo et quod, 486
and note, 495
reveals itself, 495
substantially
supernatural, 486
Revue Thomiste, 399 ff.
Ripalda: enumeration of graces gratis datae, 154; grace
a substance, 121, 126; infused and
acquired faith same object, 481 note;
meriting perseverance de congruo,
397; operative grace, 177
Robert Bellarmine, St.; see Bellarmine
Rouet de Journel, Enchiridion patristicum, 106, 112,
129 note: adoption of sonship, 136 note; faith
for justification, 336 note, 340
note; perseverance, 394; remission of
sin, 326 note; sufficient grace, 193
Rousselot: natural love of God, 58 and note
Rozwadowski, S.J.: infused faith essentially
supernatural, 484
Sacramental grace, 148, 153, 174
Sacraments: disposition for approaching, 320; disposition
lacking for, 322; instrumental cause of grace, 305; matter and form of,
479; necessity of, 219
Sacred Heart: consecration to, 344; promise of final
perseverance by, 398 note
Salmanticenses, 7
actual grace and
uncreated action, 119
actual grace twofold,
175
affectively efficacious
love, 63 note
assent of faith requires
grace, 49
aversion from
supernatural and nat- ural ends, 504, 506 note
certainty of grace not
individual, 321
Christ’s obedience, 294
confirmation in grace,
107
cooperative grace, 177
efficacious and
sufficient grace, 186
Elias and Enoch, 381
essential
supernaturalness of grace, 368
faith, 476
faith for
justification, 335
final instant, 352
general and special
help, 38
God’s love for the
elect, 136
grace and free will, 165
grace and Pure Act, 138
infused virtues, 139
J. González’
opinion, 231 and note
knowledge of
supernatural requires
meriting efficacious grace, 397
moral certainty of
grace, 321
Nominalists, 124
obediential power, 308
operative grace, 170
note, 177
participation in divine
nature, 128
procession of acts in
justification,
quiddity of habitual
grace, 407
redemptive Incarnation,
31
sacramental grace, 149
specification of acts by
formal object, 69, 471 and note
substantial supernaturalness of love of God, 66
supernatural
revelation quo et quod, 486
supernaturalness of faith, 482, 484
Salutary works distinguished from meritorious, 370,
378, 386
Salvific will of God, 19, 86, 422: St.
Augustine on, 455; St.
Thomas on, 425
Sanctifying grace; see Grace, sanctifying;
Habitual grace
Satisfaction, 371, 378
Satolli: indifferent physical premotion,
204 note; not
“Cajetan-Thomistic,”
257; premotion toward
good in general, 256
Scaramelli: transforming union and predestination,
323
Scheeben, M. J.: divine motion, 258 note,
461 and note;
supernaturalness of faith, 484
Scientia media; see Mediate knowledge
Scotus
adoption of sonship,
137, 142
affectively efficacious
love of God, 63
contingentism of, 368,
382
denied that object
specifies act, 465
extrinsic assistance,
204
“formal-actual”
distinction, 145 note
fulfilling natural law
without grace, 68
grace attributable to
will, 146
grace a “bank note,” 125
grace a substance, 121
grace and charity
formally distinguished, 143
grace not a gift, 124
infused and acquired
faith, 472, 481
interior works without
grace, 69
justification possible
without grace,
merit of Christ, 367
negative love, 329
negative preparation
before grace, 76
procession of acts in
justification, 357
proportion of grace to
glory, 373
result of his teaching,
147
terminology about
determination ante-dates, 443 note
Scotus Erigenus, 290
Scriptures, 190 note
charity, 375
faith without works, 338
and note
final perseverance, 393
God, author of
salvation, zog
grace, 111
humility, 249
intrinsically
efficacious grace, 240-43
perseverance, 101
prayer of petition, 270,
sufficient grace, 190
Second Council of Orange; see Council of
Orange, Second
Semi-Pelagians, 10-14, 417
denial of prevenient
grace, 177
efficacious grace
defended against, 199
grace merited by love,
63
faith begins in man, 49,
490
happy death, 392
mediate knowledge
invented by, 313
meriting eternal life,
370
meriting first grace,
385
perseverance, 100
preparation for habitual
grace without
rejected by Molina, 164
supernatural love
without special grace,
actual grace, 75 and
note 59
Semi-rationalism, 9
Sensationalism, 496
Sense appetites: disordered even after
healing grace, 96;
subject to reason
in state of innocence,
24
Sentences, Master of the: grace and charity identical, 143; grace is God
in
us, 117, 120, 125, 139
Serra: procession of acts for habitual grace, 357
Serry, Histoire de la Congregatio de Auxiliis,
83, 471 note
Silvester, Francis; see Ferrariensis
Simon the Magician: faith alone suffices, 338
Simplicity of child of God, 501
Simultaneous concurrence, 42 and note, 163, 205
Sin
Christ unable to commit,
286-304
contrition and attrition
for, 348
God not cause of, 436
grace to avoid, 92-96
grace to rise from, 91
hatred of, 346
incipient, 222-25
not every work of sinner
is, 53
only deficient cause
required for, 226,
permitted for greater
good, 27, 30, 31,
priority as material
cause, 224
sinner’s resistance
prior by nature in,
Sleep: justification during, 311, 333; prophetic, 333
Socialism, 237, 498
Society of Jesus, 70: division between
Congruists and
Molinists, 205-7; system about sufficient and efficacious grace, 203-7;
Thomism of, 254, 445
Soto: Christ’s love of God free, 297 note; at Council of Trent,
261, 440; divine premotion, 170 and note,
181; and Molina, 163, 166;
procession of acts in justification, 357 260, 356, 445 noteSpecial help, 38
Specification: of acts, 50, 70; by beatific
Spirituality and efficacious grace, 268-78
Spontaneity, Jansenist error about, 188, State of fallen nature,
20; see also Fallen nature, state of
State of grace, 20: after justification; see also Restored
nature
State of incorrupt nature, 20; see also Incorrupt
nature
State of nature, 20; see also Human nature
State of original justice, 20; see also Original
justice
State of pure nature; see Pure nature, state of
State of restored nature, 20; see also Restored nature,
state of
Stephen, St.: charismata manifestation of sanctity, 163;
his prayer obtaining Paul’s conversion, 387;
sufficient grace, 212
Stimulating grace, 180
Stolz, O.S.B.: on infused faith, 480 note
Suarez
active obediential
power, 471 note
Christ’s obedience, 294
contradiction about adoption,
138, 142
divine motion, 42
division of
supernaturalness, 7
general help, 39
justification possible
without grace, 328, 330
meriting perseverance de
congruo, 397
operative grace, 163 and
note, 167, 177
opposes Molina on
substantially natural assent to faith, 51
position of Congruism,
19
procession of acts in
justification, 357
recognizes St. Thomas’
teaching as such, 216, 259
remiss charity, 391
St. Paul’s enumeration, 154, 156
sanctification secondary
effect of grace, 330
specification of acts by
formal object, 70, 471
three acts in
faith, 476 note, 493
Trinity present as
object of charity, 361
virtual influence of charity,
376
Subjective conceptualism, 189 note, 345
Subsequent grace with reference to free will, 178
Substantially supernatural and substantially
miraculous distinguished, 159,
Sufficient grace, 150, 202-38
Arnauld’s little grace
and, 188
Bañez and, 216
conferred and offered,
213conferring proximate
potentiality, 208,definition of, 218degrees and varieties
of, 443distinguished from
efficacious, 428-45divisions of, 212dogma of faith, 187, 190efficacious grace
offered in, 221, 231,J. González’ opinion,
231, 265, 268 and noteheld to be insufficient,
217held to be pernicious,
215held to be useless, 214“help without which” is,
195immediate (personal) and
mediate, 213Jansenism on, 187permanent and transient,
212Predestinationist error,
187Quesnel’s error, 188remote and proximate,
213St. Alphonsus’ opinion,
232-36St. Augustine on, 193-96St. Thomas on, 196-98,
431scriptural basis, 190truly and merely, 183two systems re, 202-8
Superiority, origin of, 415-19; see also Predilection
and Predestination
Supernatural
essentially in God, 121extraordinary, 162formally and
effectively, 7 and noteinfinite disproportion
between naturalmodal and substantial,
125, 368works merit glory de
condigno, 373
Supernatural help, special in respect to persons, 39
Supernaturalness, 6: of faith, 480-97; of grace for
knowing all natural truth, 46; of motive of faith,
489-91; of per se infused faith,
491-93; substantial and modal, 66
Sylvius, works of the just, 374
Syncretism, new, 450-64: objections to, 453-55, 458-64; rejects
Molinism, 450, 452; rejects Thomism,
450; solution of, 452
Szabo: infused faith essentially supernatural, 484
Tanner: decree of General Aquaviva, 206; efficacious
grace, 212Temporal benefits, merited by natural good works, 89
Thanksgiving, 251, 271: for prayer of impulse, 284;
scientia
media diminishes need for, 255
Theodicy, 402
Theodore of Mopsuestia, necessity of grace
minimized by, 9
Theological virtues, 252, 272-74: formal motives of, 497;
see
also Faith; Hope; Charity
Theology, sacred and natural distinguished, 402
Theresa of Avila, St., 157: devotion to mysteries, 427;
efficacious grace of most ardent love,
283-85; purification of charity, 356;
transforming union and
predestination, 323; transforming union and venial
sin, 96
Theresa of the Child Jesus, St.: spiritual childhood and doctrine
of grace, 278 and note
Thomas Aquinas, St.
acts required for
justification, 340
Christ’s hour
predetermined, 460
classification of
habits, 475
disposition for grace,
89
efficacious grace,
244-47, 302 note
free will and
impeccability in Christ, 289-92
infused faith, 476, 484
necessity of grace,
57-61, 67
predetermining decrees,
456-58
St. Paul’s certainty of
predestination, 209 note
specification by formal
object, 468-72
sufficient grace, 196-98
twofold grace, 216 and
note, 431
uncertainty of being in
grace, 318
Thomassin: combination
of helps, 204 and note
Thomism: distinguished from predestinationism and Jansenism, 18; meaning of “intrinsically
efficacious,” 202; physical premotion, 203
and note; refutation of Molinism,
208
Tixeront, Histoire des dogmes, 10
Tolet: departure from St. Thomas, 216
Tongues, gift of, 150, 155; see also Grace gratis data
Toucy, Council of, 434 note: consequent will, 184; controversies
over Gottschalk, 268; Hincmar at,
455; synodal letter, 435
Tournely, 229
Christ’s obedience, 293, 296
commandments impossible to some, 227
eclecticism of, 19 and
note
followed by
St. Alphonsus, 232
formal motive of hope,
234
and mediate knowledge,
234
Transforming union, 96, 107, 323
Transient internal help, 212-14
Trent, Council of Trent
acts required for
justification, 332, 340,adults disposed for
justice, 313against Protestantism,
125avoids term “quality,”
122bad works merely
permitted by God, 55 and notebrief perseverance, 105Calvinism,
109 note, 200charity diffused, 131Christ’s death meriting
salvation, 294condemnation of Semi-Pelagianism,
76conversion from fear of
hell, 254conversion from sin
requires grace, 92defined value of merit
and satisfaction, 364degrees of justice, 315disposing and efficient
causes of grace distinguished, 311distinguishes grace and
charity, 144divine assistance
precludes impossibility of commandments, 72efficacious grace, 198,
211, 220, 233, 243faith alone
insufficient, 337faith by hearing for
justification, 334final perseverance, 393free will not passive,
261God’s fidelity, 108God’s will and
permission, 435 andgrace a permanent
principle, 411inherence of grace, 112,
119just man avoiding mortal
sin, 95the just merit de condigno, 372the just need actual
grace, 97justification by grace,
328justification demands movement of will, 333
justification of
sinners, 305liberty and grace, 86,
200man can merit from God,
364merit a reward, 382meriting justification,
370, 385meriting restoration,
390misconstrued by Molina,
419 noteMolinism irreconcilable
with, 262no certainty of being in
grace, 317no impossible command,
434perseverance, 101, 220
noteperseverance a special
gift, 104preparation for grace is
prevenient grace. 78, 80preparation for habitual
grace, 310remission of sin, 325St. Paul explained, 339sanctifying grace in
Adam, 25 notespecial grace for
supernatural love, 59,stimulating and
assisting grace, 180successive dispositions
for justification, 350sufficient grace, 190,
198, 233supernatural virtues
essentially infused, 126venial sin, 96
Trinity, 44, 139, 159
appropriation of divine
adoption, 135, 143, 404
essential
supernaturalness, 425implicit faith in, 344indwelling of, 361indwelling preserves
grace, 333intimate life of God,
403-6justification requires
knowledge of, 335knowledge of, 401
Truth: knowledge of
entitatively supernatural, 48; knowledge of supernatural, 41; knowledge
of truth without grace, 41 ff.; with moral power, 46
Ude, J.: Doctrina Capreoli, 446
Unbaptized, separated souls of children, 65 Unconditional will of
God; see Consequent will
Understanding, gift of, 87
Unigenitus (bull) : condemning Quesnel, 17; does not refer to Thomism, 18
|