GENERAL AUDIENCE OF 10 OCTOBEROn 10 October at the General
Audience in St Peter's Square, the Pope continued his series of talks on
the creation of man.
1. In the last reflection of the present cycle we reached an
introductory conclusion, taken from the words of Genesis on the creation
of man as male and female. We reached these words, that is, the
"beginning," to which the Lord Jesus referred in his talk on the
indissolubility of marriage (cf. Mt 19:3-9; Mk 10:1-12.) But the
conclusion at which we arrived does not yet end the series of our
analyses. We must reread the narrations of the first and second chapters
of Genesis in a wider context, which will allow us to establish a series
of meanings of the ancient text to which Christ referred. Therefore, today
we will reflect on the meaning of man's original solitude.
Solitude of "man" as such
2. The starting point of this reflection is provided for us directly by
the following words of Genesis: "It is not good that man [male] should be
alone; I will make him a helper fit for him" (Gn 2:18). God-Yahweh speaks
these words. They belong to the second account of the creation of man, and
so they come from the Yahwist tradition. As we have already recalled, it
is significant that, as regards the Yahwist text, the account of the
creation of the man is a separate passage (Gn 2:7). It precedes the
account of the creation of the first woman (Gn 2:21-22). It is also
significant that the first man ('adam), created from "dust from the
ground," is defined as a "male" ('is) only after the creation of
the first woman. So when God-Yahweh speaks the words about solitude, it is
in reference to the solitude of "man" as such, and not just to that of the
male.(1)
However, it is difficult to go very far in drawing conclusions merely
on the basis of this fact. Nevertheless, the complete context of that
solitude of which Genesis 2:18 speaks can convince us that it is a
question here of the solitude of "man" (male and female) and not just of
the solitude of man the male, caused by the lack of woman. Therefore, on
the basis of the whole context, it seems that this solitude has two
meanings: one derived from man's very nature, that is, from his
humanity, and the other derived from the male-female relationship.
The first meaning is evident in the account of Genesis 2, and the second
is evident, in a certain way, on the basis of the first meaning. A
detailed analysis of the description seems to confirm this.
3. The problem of solitude is manifested only in the context of the
second account of the creation of man. The first account ignores this
problem. There man is created in one act as male and female. "God created
man in his own image...male and female he created them" (Gn 1:27). As we
have already mentioned, the second account speaks first of the creation of
the man and only afterward of the creation of the woman from the "rib" of
the male. This account concentrates our attention on the fact that "man is
alone." This appears as a fundamental anthropological problem, prior, in a
certain sense, to the one raised by the fact that this man is male and
female. This problem is prior not so much in the chronological sense, as
in the existential sense. It is prior "by its very nature." The problem of
man's solitude from the point of view of the theology of the body will
also be revealed as such, if we succeed in making a thorough analysis of
the second account of creation in Genesis 2.
A specific test
4. The affirmation of God-Yahweh, "It is not good that man should be
alone," appears not only in the immediate context of the decision to
create woman, "I will make him a helper fit for him," but also in the
wider context of reasons and circumstances, which explain more
deeply the meaning of man's original solitude. The Yahwist text
connects the creation of man first and foremost with the need to "till the
ground" (Gn 2:5). That would correspond, in the first account, with the
vocation to subdue and have dominion over the earth (cf. Gn 1:28). Then,
the second account of creation speaks of man being put in the "garden in
Eden," and in this way introduces us to the state of his original
happiness. Up to this moment man is the object of the creative action of
God-Yahweh, who at the same time, as legislator, establishes the
conditions of the first covenant with man.
Man's subjectivity is already emphasized through this. It finds a
further expression when the Lord God "formed out of the ground every beast
of the field and every bird of the air, and brought them to man to see
what he would call them" (Gn 2:19). In this way, therefore, the first
meaning of man's original solitude is defined on the basis of a specific
test or examination which man undergoes before God (and in a certain way
also before himself). By means of this test, man becomes aware of his own
superiority, that is, that he cannot be considered on the same footing as
any other species of living beings on the earth.
As the text says, "Whatever the man called every living creature, that
was its name" (Gn 2:19). "The man gave names to all cattle, and to the
birds of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for the man [male]
there was not found a helper fit for him" (Gn 2:20).
Creation of woman
5. All this part of the text is unquestionably a preparation for the
account of the creation of woman. However, it possesses a deep meaning
even apart from this creation. Right from the first moment of his
existence, created man finds himself before God as if in search
of his own entity. It could be said he is in search of the definition
of himself. A contemporary person would say he is in search of his own
"identity." The fact that man "is alone" in the midst of the visible world
and, in particular, among living beings, has a negative significance in
this search, since it expresses what he "is not." Nevertheless, the fact
of not being able to identify himself essentially with the visible world
of other living beings (animalia) has, at the same time, a positive
aspect for this primary search. Even if this fact is not yet a complete
definition, it constitutes one of its elements. If we accept the
Aristotelian tradition in logic and in anthropology, it would be necessary
to define this element as the "proximate genus" (genus proximum)
(2)
6. The Yahwist text enables us, however, to discover also further
elements in that admirable passage. Man finds himself alone before God
mainly to express, through a first self-definition, his own
self-knowledge, as the original and fundamental manifestation of mankind.
Self-knowledge develops at the same rate as knowledge of the world, of all
the visible creatures, of all the living beings to which man has given a
name to affirm his own dissimilarity with regard to them. In this way,
consciousness reveals man as the one who possesses a cognitive faculty as
regards the visible world. With this knowledge which, in a certain
way, brings him out of his own being, man at the same time
reveals himself to himself in all the peculiarity of his being. He is
not only essentially and subjectively alone. Solitude also signifies man's
subjectivity, which is constituted through self-knowledge. Man is alone
because he is "different" from the visible world, from the world of living
beings. Analyzing the text of Genesis we are, in a way, witnesses of how
man "distinguishes himself" before God-Yahweh from the whole world of
living beings (animalia) with his first act of self-consciousness,
and of how he reveals himself to himself. At the same time he asserts
himself as a "person" in the visible world. Sketched so incisively in
Genesis 2:19-20, that process is a search for a definition of himself.
Linking up with the Aristotelian tradition, it leads to indicating the
proximate genus. Chapter 2 of Genesis expresses this with the words:
"The man gave names...." There corresponds to this the specific
differentia which is, according to Aristotle's definition, nôus,
zoón noetikón. This process also leads to the first delineation of the
human being as a human person with the specific subjectivity that
characterizes him.
Notes
1) The Hebrew text constantly calls the first man ha-'adam,
while the term 'is ("male") is introduced only when contrasted with
'issa ("female"). So "man" was solitary without reference to sex.
However, in the translation into some European languages it is difficult
to express this concept of Genesis, because "man" and "male" are usually
defined with one word: homo, uomo, homme, man.
2) "An essential (quidditive) definition is a statement which
explains the essence or nature of things. It will be
essential when we can define a thing by its proximate genus and
specific differentia.
The proximate genus includes within its comprehension all the
essential elements of the genera above it and, therefore, includes all the
beings that are cognate or similar in nature to the thing that is being
defined. The specific differentia, on the other hand, brings in the
distinctive element which separates this thing from all others of a
similar nature, by showing in what manner it is different from all others,
with which it might be erroneously identified.
Man is defined as a 'rational animal.' 'Animal' is his proximate genus;
'rational' is his specific differentia. The proximate genus
'animal' includes within its comprehension all the essential elements of
the genera above it, because an animal is a 'sentient, living, material
substance....'" The specific differentia 'rational' is the one
distinctive essential element which distinguishes 'man' from every other
'animal.' It therefore makes him a species of his own and separates him
from every other 'animal' and every other genus above animal, including
plants, inanimate bodies and substance.
Furthermore, since the specific differentia is the distinctive
element in the essence of man, it includes all the characteristic
'properties' which lie in the nature of man as man, namely, power
of speech, morality, etc., realities which are absent in all other beings
in this physical world.
(C. N. Bittle, The Science of Correct Thinking, Logic
[Milwaukee: 1947], pp. 73-74.)
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