GENERAL AUDIENCE OF 12 SEPTEMBERThe usual Wednesday Audience
was held in St Peter's Square on 12 September at 5:30 p.m., in the
presence of a large concourse of people. The Holy Father delivered the
following address.
1. Last Wednesday we began this series of reflections on the reply
Christ gave to his questioners on the subject of the unity and
indissolubility of marriage. As we recall, the Pharisees who questioned
him appealed to the Mosaic Law. However, Christ went back to the
"beginning," quoting the words of Genesis.
The "beginning" in this case concerns what is treated of in one of
the first pages of the Book of Genesis. If we wish to analyze this
reality, we must undoubtedly direct our attention first of all to the
text. The words which Christ spoke in his talk with the Pharisees, found
in Matthew 19 and Mark 10, constitute a passage which in its turn is set
in a well-defined context, without reference to which they can neither be
understood nor correctly interpreted.
This context is provided by the words, "Have you not read that the
Creator from the beginning made them male and female...?" (Mt 19:4). It
referred to the so-called first account of the creation of man inserted in
the seven-day cycle of the creation of the world (cf. Gn 1:1-2, 4).
However, the context nearest to the other words of Christ, taken from
Genesis 2:24, is the so-called second account of the creation of man (Gn
2:5-25). But indirectly it is the entire third chapter of Genesis.
The second account of the creation of man forms a conceptual and
stylistic unity with the description of original innocence, man's
happiness, and also his first fall. Granted the specific content of
Christ's words taken from Genesis 2:24, one could also include in the
context at least the first phrase of the fourth chapter of Genesis, which
treats of the conception and birth of man from earthly parents. That is
what we intend to do in the present analysis.
Various accounts of man's creation
2. From the point of view of biblical criticism, it is necessary
to mention immediately that the first account of man's creation is
chronologically later than the second, whose origin is much more remote.
This more ancient text is defined as "Yahwist" because the term "Yahweh"
is used to name God. It is difficult not to be struck by the fact that the
image of God presented there has quite considerable anthropomorphic
traits. Among others, we read that "...the Lord God formed man of dust
from the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life" (Gn
2:7).
In comparison with this description, the first account, that is, the
one held to be chronologically later, is much more mature both as regards
the image of God, and as regards the formulation of the essential truths
about man. This account derives from the priestly and "Elohist" tradition,
from "Elohim," the term used in that account for God.
3. In this narration man's creation as male and female—to
which Jesus referred in his reply according to Matthew 19—is
inserted into the seven day cycle of the creation of the world. A
cosmological character could especially be attributed to it. Man is
created on earth together with the visible world. But at the same time the
Creator orders him to subdue and have dominion over the earth (cf. Gn
1:28); therefore he is placed over the world. Even though man is strictly
bound to the visible world, the biblical narrative does not speak of his
likeness to the rest of creatures, but only to God. "God created man in
his own image; in the image of God he created him..." (Gn 1:27). In the
seven day cycle of creation a precise graduated procedure is evident.(1)
However, man is not created according to a natural succession. The Creator
seems to halt before calling him into existence, as if he were pondering
within himself to make a decision: "Let us make man in our image, after
our likeness..." (Gn 1:26).
Theological character
4. The level of that first account of man's creation, even
though chronologically later, is especially of a theological character.
An indication of that is especially the definition of man on the basis of
his relationship with God. "In the image of God he created him." At the
same time it affirms the absolute impossibility of reducing man to the
world. Already in the light of the first phrases of the Bible, man cannot
be either understood or explained completely in terms of categories taken
from the "world," that is, from the visible complex of bodies.
Notwithstanding this, man also is corporeal. Genesis 1:27 observes that
this essential truth about man referred both to the male and the female:
"God created man in his image...male and female he created them."(2) It
must be recognized that the first account is concise, and free from any
trace whatsoever of subjectivism. It contains only the objective facts and
defines the objective reality, both when it speaks of man's creation, male
and female, in the image of God, and when it adds a little later the words
of the first blessing: "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth;
subdue it and have dominion over it" (Gn 1:28).
Inspiration for thinkers
5. The first account of man's creation, which, as we observed, is of a
theological nature, conceals within itself a powerful metaphysical
content. Let it not be forgotten that this text of Genesis has become the
source of the most profound inspirations for thinkers who have sought to
understand "being" and "existence." (Perhaps only the third chapter of
Exodus can bear comparison with this text.)(3) Notwithstanding certain
detailed and plastic expressions of the passage, man is defined there,
first of all, in the dimensions of being and of existence ("esse").
He is defined in a way that is more metaphysical than physical.
To this mystery of his creation, ("In the image of God he created
him"), corresponds the perspective of procreation, ("Be fruitful and
multiply, fill the earth"), of that becoming in the world and in time, of
that fieri which is necessarily bound up with the metaphysical
situation of creation: of contingent being (contingens). Precisely
in this metaphysical context of the description of Genesis 1, it is
necessary to understand the entity of the good, namely, the aspect of
value. Indeed, this aspect appears in the cycle of nearly all the days of
creation and reaches its culmination after the creation of man: "God saw
everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good" (Gn 1:31). For
this reason it can be said with certainty that the first chapter of
Genesis has established an unassailable point of reference and a solid
basis for a metaphysic and also for an anthropology and an ethic,
according to which ens et bonum convertuntur (being and the good
are convertible). Undoubtedly, all this also has a significance for
theology, and especially for the theology of the body.
"Theology of the body"
6. At this point let us interrupt our considerations. In a week's time
we shall deal with the second account of creation. According to biblical
scholars, it is chronologically more ancient. The expression "theology of
the body" just now used deserves a more exact explanation, but we shall
leave that for another occasion. First, we must seek to examine more
closely that passage of the Book of Genesis to which Christ had recourse.
Notes
1) Speaking of non-living matter, the biblical author used different
predicates, such as "separated," "called," "made," "placed." However,
speaking of beings endowed with life, he used the term "created" and
"blessed." God ordered them: "Be fruitful and multiply." This order refers
both to animals and to man, indicating that corporality is common to both
(cf. Gn 1:22, 28).
However, in the biblical description, man's creation is essentially
distinguished from God's preceding works. Not only is it preceded by a
solemn introduction, as if it were a case of God deliberating before this
important act, but above all, man's exceptional dignity is set out in
relief by the "likeness" to God of whom he is the image.
Creating non-living matter, God "separated." He gave the order to the
animals to be fruitful and multiply, but the difference of sex is
underlined only in regard to man ("Male and female he created them") by
blessing their fruitfulness at the same time, that is, the bond of the
persons (cf. Gn 1:27, 28).
2) The original text states: "God created man (haadam—a
collective noun: 'humanity'?), in his own image; in the image of God he
created him; male (zakar—masculine) and female (uneqebah—feminine)
he created them" (Gn 1:27).
3) "Haec sublimis veritas":
"I am who I am" (Ex 3:14) constitutes an object of reflection for many
philosophers, beginning from St. Augustine. He held that Plato must have
known this text because it seemed very close to his ideas. Through St.
Anselm, the Augustinian doctrine of the divine essentialitas
exercised a profound influence on the theology of Richard of St. Victor,
Alexander of Hales and St. Bonaventure.
"To pass from this
philosophical interpretation of Exodus to that put forward by St. Thomas,
one had necessarily to bridge the gap that separated the 'the being of
essence' from 'the being of existence.' The Thomistic proofs of the
existence of God bridged it."
Meister Eckhart's position
differs from this. On the basis of this text, he attributed to God the
puritas essendi: "est aliquid altius ente..." ("the purity of being;
he is something higher than ens"); cf. E. Gilson, Le Thomisme
[Paris: Vrin, 1944], pp. 122-127; E. Gilson, History of Christian
Philosophy in the Middle Ages [London: Sheed and Ward, 1955], p. 810).
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