How Bad Laws Allowed the Culture of Death
By Annamarie Adkins
ST. PAUL, Minnesota, 17 OCT. 2008 (ZENIT)Most Americans, even
Catholics, probably take it for granted that the U.S. Constitution
protects their right to privacy. But they may be surprised to find out
that no such right is in the Constitution.
Furthermore, the advent of the right to privacy in American
constitutional law built a foundation for the culture of death to thrive
in this country, according to philosopher Janet E. Smith.
To diagnose the problem further, Smith has written “The Right to
Privacy” (Ignatius). In the book, Smith discusses how Pope John Paul
II’s encyclical “Evangelium Vitae” properly identifies the philosophical
views that led to the invention of the right to privacy as we know it,
as well as how it was used to advance the culture of death.
She shared with ZENIT how the so-called right to privacy has vitiated
any sense that there is an objective truth that must govern human
behavior.
Smith holds the Father Michael J. McGivney Chair of Life Ethics at
Sacred Heart Major Seminary in Detroit, and is professor of Moral
Theology at the Seminary; she is Visiting Scholar at St. Paul Seminary
in St. Paul, Minnesota, for the fall of 2008.
She is also co-author with Christopher Kaczor of "Life Choices, Medical
Issues; Questions and Answers for Catholics (Servant, 2007), and author
of the CD series "Sexual Common Sense" (www.mycatholicfaith.org).
Q: What is the so-called right to privacy you describe in the book? On
what is it based?
Smith: The “right to privacy,” when originally formulated, referred to
the right to have such things as one’s journal or conversations kept
private.
But during the 1960s the courts invented a whole new meaning for the
right to privacy. They were attempting to find some basis on which they
could overturn laws against the sale, distribution and use of
contraception.
For nearly a century many states and the federal government had laws
against contraception. Planned Parenthood assiduously challenged those
laws, but they were repeatedly affirmed by legislatures and courts.
In 1965, in Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court found
constitutional protection for the sale, distribution and use of
contraceptives
—
by married couples. As is well known, there is no right to privacy in
the constitution nor were the justices clear on which amendment implied
a right to privacy that would guarantee access to contraception.
Two short years later, the court expanded that right to the use of
contraceptives by the unmarried. In 1973, the court found that the right
to privacy extended to the right to have an abortion. There, too, laws
of all 50 states were overturned by the votes of a few justices.
The right to privacy has become a very elastic right; it has been used
to legalize contraception, abortion, assisted suicide and homosexual
acts.
Virtually no one can give a coherent explanation of what this right is
and what it legitimately protects. It has become a wild card that
permits the courts to advance a very liberal
—
not to say libertine agenda
—
often overriding the decisions of state legislatures and courts.
Q: You use the right to privacy to substantiate a claim of "Evangelium
Vitae." Can you please explain what light Pope John Paul II's encyclical
sheds on how the right to privacy has advanced the culture of death?
Smith: “Evangelium Vitae” identifies the deeper philosophical
assumptions that underline the enshrinement of the right to privacy.
It points to a whole set of “isms”: subjectivism, relativism,
materialism and hedonism, for example. It explains how the modern world
operates with a distorted view of freedom.
“Evangelium Vitae” states that we have become a culture that no longer
believes in objective truth. That we are a culture that thinks the
subjective views, even preferences and whims of individuals should be
the norms that guide their lives. This leads to relativism and
ultimately to the violation of the rights of the weak by the strong.
My book argues that various court decisions have verified that claim. I
trace the use of the right to privacy in various court cases to
demonstrate how the right to privacy eliminates any sense that there is
an objective truth that must govern human behavior.
The famous “right to liberty clause” in Planned Parenthood vs. Casey
clearly is driven by subjectivism. It states; “At the heart of liberty
is the right to define one’s own concept of existence, of meaning, of
the universe, and the mystery of human life.”
This claim was made in the context of trying to avoid the question of
establishing when human life begins. On its face, it is very appealing
to Americans – but to speak of a “right to define existence” vitiates
any responsibility we have to “discover reality” and live in accord with
it.
The courts are gradually undercutting their ability to uphold any laws,
for if life begins whenever anyone says it does and means whatever
anyone says it does, how can the court deny people the “right” to kill
their infants, newborns or toddlers?
Clearly in those instances, we still think we have some objective
criteria for denying parents the “right” to kill their children but the
logic of the court is veering in the direction of pure legal positivism
—
there is no transcendent source of rights besides what the law posits.
That leaves governments free to bestow or remove any rights they so
please. It destroys the concept of universal, fundamental human rights.
Q: What benefit does “rights language” bring to political discourse? If
it is so flawed, why has the Church adopted it?
Smith: In “Evangelium Vitae,” John Paul II applauds rights language for
its universality; he notes that we now have many statements of universal
human rights.
To have traction, those statements must assume a universal human nature
and objective moral norms; otherwise, how can any nation or
international body insist that other nations respect certain freedoms as
fundamental human rights?
Rights language is flawed if it is invoked without any clear concept of
what is the source of rights. Is God the source of rights? Nature?
Government? What are the limits to our rights? In fact, what are our
rights?
How can we speak of a right to abortion since abortion takes a human
life? “Evangelium Vitae” speaks of a culture that has so lost sight of
objective truth that it now honors as rights what were once
—
and rightly
—
thought to be crimes: abortion, assisted suicide and pornography, for
instance.
Q: One of your criticisms of the right to privacy, and some of the other
rights it spawned, is that it is not found anywhere in the U.S.
Constitution. But I certainly have the right to choose my own wardrobe,
eat breakfast, read the newspaper, and engage in other activities that
are not in the Constitution. That being the case, why don't persons have
a right to something as obvious as privacy?
Smith: No one is denying that there are actions that are rightly private
and bear no intervention by the state. The state certainly shouldn’t be
telling us what to eat for breakfast or what newspaper to read.
(It would be marvelous if people had a greater sense of privacy for that
would likely lead to more modesty in dress and less exhibitionism of the
details of celebrities’ lives and all sorts of inappropriate sharing of
the personal data on the Internet.)
But if actions seriously impact upon the rights of others and sometimes
our own well-being, the right to privacy cannot rightly be invoked to
protect those actions. We have a culture that is fairly schizophrenic on
these matters.
In cars, we must wear seatbelts and on motorcycles we must wear helmets
and our homes must meet all sorts of safety codes; there are drugs that
we cannot use because various agencies deem them unsafe.
But we are allowed to kill the unborn and in some states to request
drugs that will kill us. There is no coherence in these laws.
Q: In your book you state that you are not going to discuss whether
there should be laws against contraception, abortion, assisted suicide
and homosexuality. Why don’t you take a position on that?
Smith: I am certainly not a libertarian, but I do subscribe to the
position that it is best to have as few laws as possible.
The goal of life on a natural plane is to become as virtuous as
possible; the goal of life on a supernatural plane is to become as holy
as possible. Virtue and holiness can only be gained through free and not
coerced choices. Indeed, a virtuous populace needs fewer laws, for their
virtue will keep them from harming others.
Nonetheless, law is certainly necessary both to protect innocent people
from harm by the evil people and to help lead everyone to virtue.
Certainly actions that do great harm to others must be illegal or the
state is not doing its job.
It is not the job of the state to eliminate all vice, though it may want
to discourage vice by means of various public programs, such as those
that alert the public to the dangers of some types of behavior.
It was beyond the scope of my book to discuss what ways the state might
best work against the various evils currently protected by an erroneous
understanding of the right to privacy.
The purpose of my book is to show that “Evangelium Vitae” properly
identifies the philosophical views that led to the invention of the
right to privacy as we know it, as well as its use in advancing a
culture of death.
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On the Net:
“The Right to Privacy”:
www.ignatius.com/ViewProduct.aspx?SID=1&Product_ID=3407&SKU=RTP-H&ReturnURL=search.aspx%3f%3fSID%3d1%26SearchCriteria%3dJanet+Smith
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