| Riding a 'slippery slope' to destruction
The last restriction overcome
It has not been possible thus far to locate the text of the protocol
describing the agreement made by the University Clinic of Groningen in The
Netherlands and the Dutch judicial Authorities concerning the extension of
euthanasia to children under the age of 12 and even at birth. This
protocol, according to press reports attributed to Dr Edward Verhagen,
director of the clinic mentioned, establishes "extremely strictly, step by
step, the procedures that doctors are obliged to follow" when dealing with
the problem of "freeing from pain" children (within the above-mentioned
age group) who are seriously ill by subjecting them to euthanasia.
A law passed by the Dutch Parliament on 1 April 2002 had already
provided for help in dying ("assisted suicide"), not only for sick adults
who make "an explicit, logical and repeated" request for it and young
people between the ages of 16 to 18 who submit a written request (art. 3,
sect. 2 of the law), but also for adolescents capable of consent from 12
to 16 years of age, on condition that their parents or legal guardian add
their consent to the personal request of those affected by incurable
disease or pain (art. 4, sect. 2).
Now, in Holland, with this latest medical-juridical agreement, a
boundary prescribed by the Helsinki Code and thus far prohibited even for
clinical experimentation has also been crossed: euthanasia is permitted
—
according to the news published which, unfortunately, we are bound to
accept as wellfounded
—
also for children under age 12, including newborn infants, for whom it is
of course impossible to speak of valid consent. For this age group, as
mentioned, clinical experimentation continues to be prohibited throughout
the world because of the risk, however minimal, to the subject that is
always involved; nor is it possible to depart from this norm with the
consent of the parents or guardians, except in the case that such
experimentation will be of benefit to the life or health of the subject on
whom it is carried out.
Recent events in The Netherlands have gone far beyond the ethical norms
concerning clinical experimentation, inspired by the principles proclaimed
after the Nuremberg Trials. In fact, the medical-judiciary agreement
allows for access to euthanasia as long as the consent of the parents and
the opinion of the doctor treating the patient and
— as
rumour has it
— of
a possibly "independent" doctor have been obtained.
Here it is not a question of "helping someone to die" or of "assisted
suicide" but of death inflicted "to release from pain", in other words,
euthanasia true and proper.
The observations this gives rise to are many and deeply disconcerting,
particularly on the moral plane.
The "slippery slope"
It is easy to see how the law of the "slippery slope" functions: once
the legitimacy had been recognized of inducing death out of pity for the
lucid adult who has made an explicit, repeated and documented request for
it, its application was then extended to young people, to adolescents with
the consent of their parents or guardians, and in the end, also to
children and newborn infants, obviously without their consent.
It is also easy to foresee that people will slide further down the
slippery slope of euthanasia in years to come, until adult patients
deemed incapable of being asked for their consent are included, such as,
for example, the mentally ill or those in a persistent coma or so-called
vegetative state.
It is said that in any case there is always a judge who can monitor
abuses and punish the physician who might violate the norms, but to what
can the judge appeal when the norm removes all grounds for the definition
of the abuse itself?
It is also said that the argument of the slippery slope is a
weak one: in my opinion, however, it shows that its perverse efficiency
functions unavoidably because it implies the absence of absolute values
that are to be upheld and is accompanied by an obvious moral relativism.
It functions in the context of euthanasia as in various other fields of
public ethics, regardless of whether it is a question of abortion (in this
case, one begins with the case of anencephaly and ends up with the case of
the child conceived before a holiday), or a matter of procreation (here,
the first step is the request for the legalization of the homologous
insemination, that ends up with the matter of the authorization of
therapeutic cloning).
Once on the slippery slope, not only the logical slant comes
into play but also economic interests, and then the slipperiness becomes
fatal and inexorable.
On what ethical basis?
Should one wish to seek an "ethical reason" for this "gradual decline
in humanity", it would be easy to trace it to contemporary literature.
To justify mercy killing, the starting point was the reference to the
principle of autonomy as it was spelled out by the Manifesto on
Euthanasia in 1974, and reinforced in some countries by the request
for the so-called "testament of life"; in this perspective, its morality
would be focused in the fact that patients, knowing they can do what they
wish with their life, also want to do what they wish with their death.
To reassure public opinion, the Dutch law at the time of its approval
emphasized that the patient's request must be insistent, lucid, preferably
in writing; but with this new Dutch development, the wishes of the
subject, who is obviously incapable of expressing a choice of his own
because of his age, are overruled, and his will is substituted by the
desire of others
—
parents or guardians, with the opinion of the doctor who interprets it.
The doctor must also assess the pain and suffering of the patient and
ascertain whether they are such as to justify inducing his or her death.
But then, it is no longer the principle of autonomy which is at stake,
but rather an "external" decision which must be considered ethical even
when it is imposed by an able, thinking adult on behalf of a subject who
is incapable of making an evaluation or request: following this, death is
deliberately forced upon the "beneficiary", who dies like someone "put to
death": quite different from autonomy and a sense of compassion!
We are dealing with a type of freedom available to adults that is
considered legitimate even when it is exercised over those who have no
autonomy.
So, in order to justify euthanasia, there has even been an appeal for
liberation from "useless" pain and suffering, as shown by the gentle
prefix "eu" of the deadly term euthanasia (easy death). But what kind of
suffering is involved? And to whom does this suffering belong?
The child or newborn infant, who as the paediatricians say suffers less
than the adult, is not capable of evaluating or defining his or her
suffering as unbearable; the person who assesses it, according to Dutch
law, is the doctor, and those who consent and decide are relatives.
Incidentally, is not this an issue of their own suffering?
Everyone then knows that in our time almost all pain has become
"curable"; palliative and analgesic treatments, promoted, thanks be to
God, throughout the world and prescribed by doctors and by health
ministries, succeed in maintaining and harmonizing the humanity of
treatments and the serenity of death.
The dignity of the sick person's pain aside and the value of solidarity
that innocent suffering raises, should pain and suffering be treated by
recourse to the violence of inducing premature death?
We should think seriously about the possible appearance of a kind of
"social Darwinism" that is intended to facilitate the elimination of human
beings burdened by suffering or defects, all in order to "anaesthetize"
the whole of society. Darwin himself held that building hospitals for the
insane, the disabled and the sick and passing laws for the support of the
poverty-stricken were obstacles to human evolution (cf. C. Darwin, The
Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex [1871], cited in J.C.
Guillebaud, Le principe d'humanité,
Editions du Seuil, 2001, p. 368), because such an attitude on the part of
society would prevent or delay the natural elimination of defective
persons.
It is not for nothing that certain commentators, also non-medical, have
recently been reported in the newspapers as speaking of "eugenics in
disguise", with reference to this latest development in Dutch law
concerning euthanasia.
The utilitarian drift
I think, however, that it would not be incongruous to focus attention
on a utilitarian mindset that is steadily penetrating Western society,
together with the ideology of the maximization of pleasure and the
minimization of pain. This ideology is backed by a utilitarianism linked
to budgets and the allocation of resources in the field of medicine which
is defined as "impossible" precisely because of its excessive cost for the
community. This utilitarianism, given its budgetary links, stresses
programmes involving an increase of wealth and productivity or industrial
competition rather than the duty to relieve suffering and support the
sick, persons who increasingly have to depend on the precarious situation
of their own financial resources as they receive less and less assistance
from the State.
So we have gone a long way not only from the ethic of freedom, but also
from the ethic of solidarity. We are dominated by the society of the
strong and the healthy and by the logic of the primacy of the economy. But
are we still part of "humanity"?
The principle of humanity
Some scholars have noted the existence of a great contradiction in
contemporary society, a sort of schizophrenic split: on the one hand, the
proclamation of "human rights" and the search for the definition of
"crimes against humanity", and on the other, the inability to define who
the human person is, and consequently, what action should be deemed human
or inhuman (cf. J.C. Guillebaud, Le principe d'humanité,
Chap. I).
What it seems we are losing in our culture is the "principle of
humanity".
Is it human to treat pain and to provide hospices for the sick
afflicted with tumours or is it more humane to make available to those
afflicted by incurable illnesses lethal drugs, whether they ask for them
personally or their doctors presume that they would seek them if they
could?
Who has the authority to decide whether a concept is "humane or
inhumane", when human nature, the ontology of the person and an adequate
concept of human dignity have been denied?
Does the person who is dying retain his or her human dignity so that no
one can impose a despotism of life and death on one suffering and about to
die?
This is the point: rediscovering human dignity, the dignity of every
person who has value as such, a value that transcends earthly reality and
is the source and purpose of social life, a good on which the universe
converges (St Thomas Aquinas describes the person "quod est perfectissimum
in rerum natura"), a good that cannot be exploited for any other interest
by anyone (as the best of the secular moral traditions recalls, starting
with Kant).
Biblical tradition sees in the human person's dignity the "image and
likeness" of the Creator and, particularly in Christianity, identifies it
with Christ himself: "I was sick and you visited me" (cf. Mt 25).
This is a matter of saving both the concept of humanity and the
foundations of morality, with respect for the life and dignity of the
human person.
The contribution of the Church
The Church's position on the subject of euthanasia is well known,
constantly reasserted and confirmed with the intention to uphold the
dignity and life of every human being:
"It is necessary to state firmly once more that nothing and no one can
in any way permit the killing of an innocent human being, whether a fetus
or an embryo, an infant or an adult, an old person, or one suffering from
an incurable disease, or a person who is dying. Furthermore, no one is
permitted to ask for this act of killing, either for himself or herself or
for another person entrusted to his or her care, nor can he or she consent
to it, either explicitly or implicitly. Nor can any authority legitimately
recommend or permit such an action. For it amounts to the violation of the
divine law, an offence against the dignity of the human person, a crime
against life and an attack on humanity" (Congregation for the Doctrine of
the Faith, Iura et Bona, Chap. II).
John Paul II's Encyclical Evangelium Vitae, which reaffirms the
moral condemnation of euthanasia as "a grave violation of the law of God,
since it is the deliberate and morally unacceptable killing of a human
person" (n. 65), insists on suggesting a quite different way, "the way of
love and true mercy, which our common humanity calls for and upon which
faith in Christ the Redeemer, who died and rose again, sheds ever new
light".
"The request which rises from the human heart in the supreme
confrontation with suffering and death, especially when faced with the
temptation to give up in utter desperation, is above all a request for
companionship, sympathy and support in the time of trial" (n. 67). The
Church, with her teaching, her activities and her own structures,
constantly takes this view.
Europe, which is presenting itself to the world as a unity of peoples
in solidarity in the name of "human rights", and which can still today
preserve a plurimillennial patrimony of humanist civilization marked by
respect for the human person and the practice of solidarity, must reject
every cultural trend inspired by utilitarian cynicism or by the primacy of
the economy over the human being, in order to continue to draft
legislation that supports men and women and their dignity in a supportive
society.
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