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Carthusian monks in Italy opened their doors, saving
many from death camps; their reward: martyrdom
August 1944. Within the walls of the Charterhouse of Farneta, Italy
(near Lucca), more than 100 refugees had found a hiding-place from the
SS military troops. In Lucca, the troops of the 16th Panzergrenadier-Division
were closing off the streets and mopping up the territory, arresting and
sending off men and women to concentration camps in Germany.
As a result, many came knocking at the Carthusian Charterhouse
monastery door in search of a hideout until the Americans would finally
arrive; the time was getting closer and liberation from the Nazi-fascist
regime seemed to be right around the corner.
But group executions and the horrors of concentration camps were
everyday realities.
If it were Jesus knocking?
Still today, Carthusians are bound by the age-old Rule of enclosure,
and guests are forbidden in the monastery. Although this Rule was
well-known throughout Lucca, the pilgrimage of desperate townspeople in
search of help was insistent.
One evening the Prior, Fr Martino Binz, together with Fr Gabriele
Costa, Procurator, and Fr Pio Egger, Novice Master, consulted one
another.
"If it were Jesus himself knocking at the door, what would we tell
him?", the Prior asked.
"Would we have the courage to send him off to die?".
They decided to open the door.
The Carthusians were violating the age-old Rule of enclosure in order
to save human lives. In the cells, but also in the service areas and
attics, persecuted Jews and Italians could be found, sons together with
fathers.
Vincenzo Rizzo, 18, was among them, with his father Vito, a police
officer of Lucca who had helped Jewish families escape the racial
arrests. In August 1944, when Vito understood that his life was at
stake, he knocked at the Charterhouse door, his son with him. The monks
gave them a hermitage in which to live.
Carthusian monastic life seemed out of sync with the world: found in
each stone hermitage was a wood-turning lathe and each monk had his own
little garden within the confines, entrusted to his care. The monk lived
each day in prayer, study and work.
The Carthusian Rule of silence still exists today and is interrupted
only on feast days and for brief periods of time. The founder of the
Carthusians, St Bruno, discovered the secret of contemplative life
centuries ago: God is found in silence. God is silence, revealed in
contemplation. In a recollected heart, it is he who speaks, revealing to
cloistered souls the greatest mystery of love.
Invasion of the SS
Every evening, before midnight, the Carthusians would leave their
cells and, dressed in their long white habits, would enter the
conventual church dedicated to the Holy Spirit. Here, standing upright
in the choir stalls, they would sing matins.
And so it was on the night of 1 September 1944, when the monks,
immersed in Gregorian chant, were taken by surprise by the German SS.
They entered the Charterhouse by trickery: the Sergeant, Edward Frolin,
well-known by the monks and a man who had received help from them on
more than one occasion, knocked at the door and told the porter he had a
package for the Prior from his commander, since the German division was
on its way out of Lucca.
When the monk opened the door, at least 20 German soldiers burst in
with tommy-guns, storming the chapel and taking over the rest of the
Charterhouse. They forced Fr Costa to accompany them. When he knocked at
the door of the cell of Vito Rizzo, he announced: "I am Father
Procurator. Open the door, the Germans are here!".
The SS completely occupied the Charterhouse. Only a handful of
refugees were able to escape into the fields, while the captured were
lined up against the outside wall of the monastery at gunpoint.
A few hours later they were forced to climb aboard covered trucks,
headed for Nocchi, near Camaiore, and were taken to an abandoned
warehouse, where Nazi cruelty was at its worst.
Heroism of the monks
On 29 September 2004, 60 years after the terrible massacre, a trial
was held in La Spezia, Italy; here, Vincenzo Rizzo, now 78 and a
fortunate escapee of the slaughter, testified to all the events in the
Charterhouse and then at Nocchi. He recalled the heroism of the
Carthusians who were tortured by those SS who sneered at their faith.
Fr Gabriele, for example, had a burning flame repeatedly held up to
his beard. The monk courageously faced the pain wordlessly and calmly
looked at his torturer, who finally gave up, confused by such behaviour.
Dom Giovanni Abetini was forced to balance his Breviary on a board
held between his outstretched arms. During all this, the soldiers beat
him with a rod and made him do knee-bends; when the prayer book fell to
the ground, he was punched and insulted.
Then, he was forced to hold the book between his teeth and to do
balancing acts. Through it all, Dom Giovanni had a smile on his face,
showing neither fear nor resentment.
"The Carthusians never showed fear in the face of threats and
torture; they remained in peace, in silence. Never, even when the
alternative to torture was to renounce their faith, did they hesitate",
Vincenzo Rizzo told the tribunal.
Fr Pio Egger, a Swiss native, was 39 years old. The days of his
imprisonment were illumined by his fervent faith. Convinced that his end
was near, he would climb on a barrel and peer out of a little window,
looking over the premises where the other prisoners were kept.
Through the mesh wire, he would call out to them: "Be strong, what
are you waiting for? We must prepare ourselves! Don't you know what
awaits us?". He had a comforting word for everyone. With a strong and
serene voice he encouraged those who had lost hope; to fearful prisoners
forced to "assist" in the "torture sessions", he spoke of what would
come after, of that eternal happiness the King of Martyrs promised to
all who were persecuted in his Name.
n the end, Fr Pio was also a martyr, shot to death in the Nocchi
forest in the beginning of September; the Prior and Procurator were put
to the same death.
Twelve Carthusians were martyred during this Nazi horror. Among them
was Fr Bernardo Montes de Oca, former Bishop of Valencia, Venezuela, who
had entered the Carthusian Order; he was a novice when he was killed.
Edward Frolin died in Germany during the trial; he was 94 years old.
The number of victims of the massacre of 1944 were no less than 60.
The martyred monks responded to their executioners with silence, like
Jesus in front of Herod: the Master kept silent and continued on towards
Golgotha, towards the Cross.
It was also this way for the Carthusians, martyred without "dignity" and
deprived even of their white habits.
Although buried at the time in unmarked ditches, their bodies were
finally exhumed and identified, and the monks now rest in peace within
the confines of the cloister cemetery.
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