Although there is no precedent in
Catholic liturgical tradition the question of whether it is permissible
for children, youth or adults to stand around the altar during the
Eucharistic Prayer continues to be asked. The argument often given
by those who encourage this practice is to foster
"community". In 1981 the Congregation for Divine Worship
addressed this question in its official journal Notitiae. In
an official interpretation of no. 101 in the General
Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM) it responded as follows:
Query: At the presentation of gifts at a Mass
with congregation, persons (lay or religious) bring to the altar
the bread and wine which are to be consecrated. These gifts are
received by the priest celebrant. All those participating in the
Mass accompany this group procession in which the gifts are
brought forward. They then stand around the altar until communion
time. Is this procedure in conformity with the spirit of the law
and of the Roman Missal?
Reply: Assuredly, the Eucharistic celebration
is the act of the entire community, carried out by all the members
of the liturgical assembly. Nevertheless, everyone must have and
also must observe his or her own place and proper role: "In
liturgical celebrations each one, minister or layperson, who has
an office to perform, should do all of, but only, those parts
which pertain to that office by the nature of the rite and
the principles of liturgy." (SC art. 29). During the liturgy
of the eucharist, only the presiding celebrant remains at the
altar. The assembly of the faithful take their place in the Church
outside the "presbyterium," which is reserved for the
celebrant or concelebrants and altar ministers. [Notitiae
17 (1981) 61]
The necessity of preserving the proper distinction of roles was
again addressed in 1997, as part of a larger problem of growing
confusion between the roles of the ordained and the non-ordained. In
that year, the Roman Congregations of
Clergy, Doctrine of the Faith, Bishops, Divine Worship, Religious,
Laity and Evangelization, as well as the Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts,
jointly issued a document intended to recall the Church to the
practice of a clear distinction between the role of the laity and
that of the clergy. Called the Instruction
On Certain Questions Regarding The Collaboration Of The Non-Ordained
Faithful In The Sacred Ministry Of Priest it noted the confusing
practices present in the Church today which do not respect the
theological distinction between those in Holy Orders and those who
are not. On the one hand the activity of the laity is a sign of the
vitality of the Church in attempting to live the teaching of Vatican
II, which calls us to an active role in the liturgy and a greater
role in the mission of the Church. On the other, it is a sign that
some have forgotten necessary and basic distinctions that reflect
the different sacramental meanings of different vocations in the
Church.
Lets start with the role of the clergy. Those who have
received Holy Orders have the sacramental role of representing
Christ. The meaning of their vocation is that they are signs,
masculine signs as the Pope has reminded us in recently years,
of Jesus Christ, who is on one hand Head of His Mystical Body
the Church, and on another, Bridegroom of His Bride the Church.
Their sacramental role, and the authority that goes with it, is
to constitute order within the communion of the Church. Thus, we
speak of a hierarchy, an ordering of authority among otherwise
equal Christian persons in the Church, just as there is a
hierarchical order within the Trinity, despite the equality of
the Divine Persons, each of whom is equally God. On the one hand
we can speak of the imagery of the Head with respect to the
Body; and on the other, of the Groom with respect to the Bride.
Both images speak of hierarchical order within a communion of life
and love.
The laity, by virtue of their baptism, are constituted members of
the Body of Christ, or of the Bride. They are sacramental signs of
Christ to be sure, but in relation to those in Holy Orders, as to Christ
Himself, they are the beneficiaries of order. This enables the whole
Body to work together harmoniously.
The situation of the liturgy is very special. In the Mass the
roles and relationships within the Church attain their clearest sacramental
expression. The church building has a presbyterium, sanctuary, that sets
off the main body of the Church from the place where the priest
offers the sacrifice. Thus, even architecturally, and even in
the absence of the assembly, the distinction between Head and
the Body is present. This was foreshadowed biblically in
the Temple, which had an inner court of the priests, and an
outer court of the people. This becomes ever clearer during the
sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. The Eucharist is the high point
of the Church's life. It sacramentally reflects the whole
Church, Head and Body, Groom and Bride, and it brings it
into being and nourishes it. When each person present fulfills
their proper role, the unity, as well as the distinction of
roles, in the Church is manifest.
Consider the Chrism Mass of Holy Thursday, or any Mass where
the bishop, all his priests and his deacons, are all gathered in
the sanctuary, marvelously showing the complete hierarchical
order of the local Church. When in the main body is seen both
sexes, the variety of cultures, ethnic groups and races within
the local Church, the universality of salvation as found in the
variety of members, is shown forth. What if all the participants
gathered in the sanctuary? The amorphous body that would result
would not be a sacramental body. It would be a wonderful manifestation
of human unity, but would be lacking the very sacramental
character that sets the Church off from society, the Eucharist
from a fraternal meal. These are the theological grounds which
require all but the ministers necessary to the service of the liturgy
to remain outside the sanctuary.
Among the practices which the above mentioned document criticized and asked
to be ended were:
a. using lay extraordinary ministers to supply for ordinary
ones by multiplying "exceptional" cases over and above those so designated and regulated by normative
discipline,
b. assumption by the laity of titles such as "pastor", "chaplain", "coordinator", " moderator" or other such similar titles which can confuse their role and that of the Pastor, who is always a Bishop or Priest.
c. preaching of the liturgical homily, by other than the
bishop, his priests or his deacons, or other preaching by the
laity in a church or oratory that is not in accordance with
the prescriptions of the bishops' conference, as confirmed
by the Holy See.
d. having non-priest members of presbyteral councils,
e. granting more than a consultative voice, to parish councils
and finance committees; having someone other than the pastor
preside
f. appointment of non-priests to head deaneries, or to assist in
heading them
g. in liturgical celebrations:
- pronouncing by laity or deacons of prayers reserved to the priest,
- use of gestures or actions proper to the priest celebrant,
- quasi-presiding by the laity, leaving only the essential
priestly functions
to the celebrant,
- non-use of prescribed vestments by celebrants,
- use by the laity of sacred vestments reserved to priests or
deacons,
- Sunday celebrations, in lieu of Mass, lead by the laity
without the
special mandate of the
Bishop,
- the insertion of elements proper to Mass in such celebrations,
such as
the Eucharistic Prayer,
- extraordinary ministers receiving Communion apart from the other
faithful, as though concelebrants,
[Note: The 2000
GIRM states that
EMEs do not approach the altar
until after
the priest's communion and
do not self-communicate.]
- the habitual use of extraordinary ministers of Communion at Mass
thus
arbitrarily extending the concept of "a great number of the
faithful
h. in ministry to the sick, the laity anointing with the Oil of
the Sick, or any other oil,
i. except where the necessary conditions are verified by the
diocesan bishop, laity receiving marital consent on behalf of
the Church
j. widely interpreting the reasons permitting the deputation of a
lay person as an extraordinary minister of baptism.
From the abuses pointed out by these 8 Roman dicasteries, it
is clear than a practice which blurs the distinction of priest
and people, such as everyone standing around the altar, is
contrary to the sacramental nature of the Eucharistic liturgy as
a sign of the Christ and the Church.
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